The role of Perceived risk in sustainable consumption contexts Essay

The role of Perceived risk in sustainable consumption contexts - Essay Example Research and development projects have found out that most car demanders have perceived risks about hybrid cars; however, marketing can address the perceived risk barriers to change the attitudes of consumers towards these vehicles. Barriers Associated with Perceived Risk in Decision-making for Hybrid Cars The first barrier associated with perceived risk is lack of warrants. Hybrid companies do not give customers warrants in most cases. This causes lack of guarantee among the customers concerning the functionality of the hybrid cars. Consumers find it difficult to trust hybrid cars because they are not afforded some period of protection should the car fail to meet all dimensions of product quality (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 101). Sometimes, hybrid car manufacturers offer extremely short period of warrants, which leaves consumers with doubts; customers tend to belief that the reason for this is that these cars could be having short Mean Time To Repair (MTTP) periods. Additionally, hybrid manufacturers fail to avail information concerning earlier purchases that could encourage customers to buy these cars. According to the social learning theory, human beings are naturally attracted to things that society members demand most because they believe that many people demand good things. Car buyers hold a belief that the speed and distance covered by the hybrid cars leads to excessive consumption of fuel and energy during driving. The general assumption is that the higher the speed, the more the engine consumption of fuel. Car consumers, therefore, have a perception that these cars may cause them spend more on fuel than they could spend in conventional cars. The hybrid cars typically attempt to increase the mileage while overcoming the shortcomings of an electric and gasoline car. Apart from the energy costs, hybrid cars are believed to cause accidents easier than conventional cars. The braking system of a hybrid car is automatic and highly sensitive to slight paddle s. Drivers believe that this may encourage them to over-depend on emergency brakes, which may expose them to fatal accidents. The root causes of these perceptions are lack of proper information and false generalizations. Marketers and manufacturers have not invested in consumer education to ensure they have clear knowledge of hybrid cars and their functionality (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 80). Despite hybrid cars being environmentally friendly and offering great savings on gas than their conventional counterparts, they are associated with several risks. Hybrid cars have gigantic sizes and high voltage batteries. When accidents occur, the high voltage batteries pose a risk of causing acid spills and electric shocks. The force involved in accidental collision or falling of cars causes the high voltage batteries to burst and spray hot acids. Acids may lead to burns of victims while shocks may make it difficult for volunteers who are attempting to save the victims. Sometimes excessive sprays of acids and shocks lead to fires that burn the whole car and victims who might not have escaped. Further concerns arise from the fact that the large battery pack at the rear can accumulate up to 300 volts (Swanson 27). The cables connecting this battery to the engine may rupture or leak and deliver a nasty wallop. Marketing Recommendations to

Theme of Life in Hamlet- Revenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theme of Life in Hamlet- Revenge - Essay Example One thing which stands out in the play is the ability of Shakespeare to manipulate the language; this has been very effectively done in the play. The play is based upon revenge; Hamlet takes revenge of his father’s death in the play. Revenge is a very dangerous motive but a very powerful one. â€Å"This drama is one of the great tragedy themed plays by William Shakespeare. The themes of the plot cover indecision, revenge and retribution, deception, ambition, loyalty and fate. Prince Hamlet mourns both his father's death and his mother, Queen Gertrude's remarriage to Claudius. The ghost of Hamlet's father appears to him and tells him that Claudius has poisoned him. Hamlet swears revenge. He kills the eavesdropping Polonius, the court chamberlain. Polonius's son Laertes returns to Denmark to avenge his father's death. Polonius's daughter Ophelia loves the Prince but his behavior drives her to madness. Ophelia dies by drowning. A duel takes place and ends with the death of Gertr ude, Laertes, Claudius, and Hamlet.† (The Summary of Hamlet). Delay in Avenging the Death of his Father Hamlet is a very intriguing play and the play is based around the story of revenge which gets delayed. Claudius is the protagonist in the play and Hamlet plays the role of a tragic hero in the play. He gets many chances to kill Claudius but he delays avenging the death of his father, Hamlet gets possibly the finest opportunity when Claudius is seen to be praying in the play but Hamlet does not kill him there, this prolonging of revenge shapes up the play very well and it is easily the highlight of the play. The impulsive nature of Hamlet is another very interesting aspect of the play. ... The impulsive nature of Hamlet is another very interesting aspect of the play. Had Hamlet killed Claudius earlier in the play, the play would have lost its charm, the delay in Hamlet’s revenge is one of the biggest factors that intrigues the readers. Let’s now take into consideration the character of Hamlet, as discussed earlier, it can be easily made out that Hamlet was an impulsive person. His Father was the king of Denmark and he was killed by Claudius, who has now become the king by marrying Hamlet’s mother. A ghost tells Hamlet that his father was murdered by King Claudius and this allegation was later proved. Based on this assumption that Claudius killed his father, Hamlet decides to take revenge of the death of his father. Hamlet’s rash actions go on to decide his fate. In the sense that he succeeds in killing King Claudius but prior to this Hamlet ends up killing innocent old man by the name Polonius. Hamlet decides not to kill Claudius while he wa s praying; this causes an unnecessary delay and only goes on to make the readers believe that the actions of Hamlet were very Impulsive. To conclude with the character of Hamlet it can be said that since revenge was his sole aim, no one could have predicted the future and there are risks involved when a person seeks revenge, so it is fair to say that the death of Hamlet was not surprising as a reader and he pretty much deserved it. This is purely based on the fact that anything can happen when one seeks revenge. â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.† (Hamlet). Marcellus speaks this line the word rotten goes to show the atmosphere in Denmark. The atmosphere is very bad because of the crime committed by Claudius. He killed Hamlet to come to the throne and this is

A History Of Counterculture In The 1950s History Essay

A History Of Counterculture In The 1950s History Essay The Beat Writers were the pre-hippies, the rebellious teenagers, and the defiance of their generation. They had an explicit effect on the Eisenhowerian society, one of stay at home mothers who cooked and cleaned, one of intolerance and segregation. Their influential writings reflected a persona of a more modern generation, a tolerance not found anywhere else in their time. Their literature is rated as some of the best literature of the 20th century. The Beat Writers writings reflected their lives, even as much as being autobiographical. The effect they had on American society was extraordinary and they provided the basis for jumpstarting the civil rights and social reform movements. In this paper, Beat Writers, Beat Generation and the term beatnik will be used interchangeably. The Beat Writers of the 1950s redefine American culture and pushed the boundaries of the socially acceptable. Not many people have heard of the Beat Writers as their influence in America is hard to discern in the modern world. Their writings started around 60 years ago, originally in New York before moving to the San Francisco Bay area. The most famous Beat Writers were Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, and William Burroughs, but many others such as Neal Cassady were part of the group. They all shared a common interest in drugs, more specifically psychedelic drugs and marijuana. The Beat Writers also had multiple bisexual or gay members; their writings reflected an extremely tolerant sexual attitude, on topics considered taboo at the time, such as interracial romance and group sex. Their interests included spiritual enlightenment and a rejection of materialistic ideas common in mainstream culture, as well as an interest in poetry. We are the change that we seek. Barack Obama The social norm in the 1950s was a modernist traditional one; the women who were working during WWII now had to put on an apron when the GIs came home. The domestic society seemed to move backward instead of forward. Sexual topics or references were considered forbidden and taboo and most writers did not mention them. The Beat Generation was a new thing; Chester MacPhee was quoted as saying, The words and the sense of the writing is obscene à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ you wouldnt want your children to come across it. However, it seemed the American people were appreciative of something new. Brown vs. Board of Ed happened two years earlier; the time was one of change. The Beat Generation provided the subtle spark for this change. To rebel! That is the immediate objective of poets! We can not wait and will not be held backThe poetic marvelous and the unconscious are the true inspirers of rebels and poets.-Philip Lamantia When Allen Ginsbergs Howl was published in 1957, people such as M. L. Rosenthal, the founder of the Poetic Institute at NYU, responded to the poem as very simply, this is poetry of genuine suffering, but MacPhee, an employee of San Francisco Customs deemed the poem too obscene. This led to an obscenity trial in 1957, where the owner of City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, was put on trial for selling obscene materials. The American Civil Liberties Union sent forth the famous J.W. Elrich, a criminal defense lawyer, to defend Ferlinghetti. City Lights was made famous by the case; Judge Clayton Horn declared the work Howl and Other poems was not obscene and was of redeeming social importance. This ruling sparked attention to the poems author, Allen Ginsberg, selling 20,000 copies in the first year of publication. Howl has now sold over a million copies. In the same year, On the Road was published. It was an instant bestseller; the New York Times proclaimed it as the novel of the Beat Generation. On the Road was a transcription of Kerouacs friends and fellow Beats; in short, it was an autobiography of a few trips Kerouac made around North America. The names were changed from the actual people to pseudonyms for legal reasons. In 1957, when Howl was published, it generated a response that was not exactly favorable yet was acknowledged by critics as the landmark poem of the Beat Generation. The poem was ruled publishable after an obscenity trial, and the ruling set a precedent for the American public. Yet even in the modern world, there is still controversy about the poem being aired. The effect of the publication as summarized by Ginsberg included liberation of the world from censorship and spiritual liberation. The Beat Generation as a whole had more than a marginal effect on the American populace, however. The year is 1960. Beatnik culture has now turned into hippie culture. Allen Ginsberg is now considered a hippie and a part of the counterculture of the 1960s. The culture of America is a more tolerant one, especially after the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, which stated that discrimination is henceforth banned on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin, as well as other laws and policies passed in Congress. These laws, including the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, and the Immigration and Nationality Services Act were passed because of action taken by years of peaceful protests and sit-ins by protesters, including hippies and African-American activists. The 50s counterculture movements led to these movements in their inspirational writings as well as the fact that several notable members of the Beat Generation joined these counterculture movements. Neal Cassady, the star character of Jack Kerouacs On the Road started off fresh with The Merry Prankster s, a group of pre-hippies who advocated for peace and understanding as well as the use of illicit drugs. The Grateful Dead, popularized by the hippie music movement, had even written a song about the group, entitled Thats It For The Other One. The hippie ideology is itself a mirror image of the beatniks; it was based on the use of illicit psychedelic drugs such as LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), listening to counterculture rock music like the Grateful Dead and The Beatles, and an explicit embrace of the sexual revolution. All of these ideals tie into each other and form a certain fundamental understanding that inspired the Beat Writers and hippies alike. In fact, the iconic groups of the hippie counterculture took direct inspiration from the beatniks. The name of the Beatles comes from the phrase Beatnik, according to Jack Kerouac, who spelled the name with an a apparently because of the Beat influence. Allen Ginsberg sums up the effect of the Beat Generation in his summary, A Definition of the Beat Generation, in which he states that the there are a couple different outputs into culture and ideals. Most of those outputs were directly from Beat ideals; others such as the evolution of rhythm and blues into a higher art form and respect for the land and indigenous people and animals were indirect. His understanding of the extent of the Beat influence let him make more accurate conclusions than most people. However, his conclusions are those of an insider; a individual who has a comprehensive viewpoint into the world of Beat. Other Beats had ideas about the environment; the supposed notion of a Fresh Planet, which later provided the basis for the hippie ideal of caring for the environment. In particular, this idea of deep ecology, the philosophy of environmental ethics and earthen spirituality resulted from the ideas in the Beat generation. The Beats also left behind them a musical legacy; not one of their own music but an inspiration to others music. Bob Dylan, a Grammy and Golden Globe winning musician, was good friends with Allen Ginsberg, and Dylan states that Kerouac and Ginsberg were major influences in his work. Rollingstone magazine ranked him as number 2 in their all-time best artists list. His music reflected social unrest and counterculture; it was very popular with the counterculture movement in the 1960s. The Merry Pranksters, as mentioned earlier, contained future members of the Grateful Dead, a extremely popular music group among fans of psychedelia and hippies. The Grateful Dead had massive followings of fans and had a three decade career in the music industry. William Burroughs was also friends and influences of Mick Jagger and Bono of U2, both extremely popular musicians. Many bands and artists leave tribute to the Beat Generation; most of these groups are representative of similar ideals, but with a more modern outlook. For instance, the group They Might Be Giants, an alternative rock group, writes songs that utilize counterculture lyrics and experimental instrumentation. They mention in their song I Should Be Allowed to Think the first two lines of Howl; I saw the best minds of my generation, destroyed by madness, starving, hysterical and then proceeds with the rest of the song. Yet even their indirect musical contributions remain part of a bigger picture of their cultural effect. I am going to marry my novels and have little short stories for children. -Jack Kerouac Probably the most obvious and important contribution to culture and society was the Beats literature. Howl, Naked Lunch, and On the Road each represented a different opinion on the same genre of ideals. Notable writers such as Thomas Pynchon, the author of Gravitys Rainbow, cites the Beat Generation as a major influence. Experts compare his work to William S. Burroughs. Pychon himself explains, At the simplest level, it had to do with language. We were encouraged from many directionsKerouac and the Beat writers, the diction of Saul Bellow in The Adventures of Augie March, emerging voices like those of Herbert Gold and Philip Rothto see how at least two very distinct kinds of English could be allowed in fiction to coexist. Allowed! It was actually OK to write like this! Who knew? The effect was exciting, liberating, strongly positive. Other writers, including Amiri Baraka, who published several Beat writers such as Kerouac and Ginsberg, turned their viewpoints into other genres of counterculture activists. Amri Baraka became a black nationalist in the 1960s after separating from the white Beat Generation. His poems and writings have become famous; he has also taught at Rutgers University. The overall effect of the Beat Generation was a positive countercultural one, an effect where the explicit was allowed, illicit psychedelic drugs were not generally allowed but used anyway, spiritual enlightenment became popular; especially among hippies and activists; and the society and culture of the Western hemisphere became a more understanding and open-minded society. The so-called Beat Generation was a whole bunch of people, of all different nationalities, who came to the conclusion that society sucked, as stated by Amiri Baraka; and they did something about society.

Switching Places Mark Twains The Prince and the Pauper :: Essays Papers

Switching Places Mark Twains The Prince and the Pauper The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain was a fun book to read, but it didn’t match the normal profile of a Mark Twain novel. Everything that I have read by him was set in the Mississippi River Valley before the Civil War. The Prince and the Pauper was set in sixteenth century England. The story revolves around a Prince and a Pauper if you can imagine that. Both Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty were born on the same day. Edward was welcome by the whole country as an heir to the throne, but Tom’s family didn’t want him because they were too poor as it was. The book mentions this and then keeps to the boys teenage years. Tom grew up in Offal Court. He had a very tough life. His dad made him go out on the streets and beg all day and if he didn’t get enough money his father and grandmother would beat him . If he thought he raised enough money for a day, he would go to Father Andrew’s church and learn to read and speak Latin. Tom’s biggest wish was to see a real prince dressed like royalty. He got this wish one day when he was walking by the king’s palace and saw a boy his own age. He got closer to the fence and a guard grabbed him and pushed him away. The prince saw all of this and told the guard to let Tom in the palace. Prince Edward fed Tom and the started talking about each other’s lives and switched clothes. Then, Edward noticed the bruise on Tom’s hand and went to punish the guard. Dressed in Tom’s old clothes, the prince was thrown out of the palace by the guard. Tom was suddenly Edward, Prince of Wales and Edward, Tom Canty of Offal Court. Tom was not refined enough to be a prince. While at state dinners, he had no clue what to do and just began to stress out King Henry. Tom’s father found Edward and took him home and beat him because he hadn’t collected enough money from begging. He kept proclaiming that he was the Prince of Wales, but no one believed him. That night, Tom’s father found out he was wanted for murder and began to run. Switching Places Mark Twains The Prince and the Pauper :: Essays Papers Switching Places Mark Twains The Prince and the Pauper The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain was a fun book to read, but it didn’t match the normal profile of a Mark Twain novel. Everything that I have read by him was set in the Mississippi River Valley before the Civil War. The Prince and the Pauper was set in sixteenth century England. The story revolves around a Prince and a Pauper if you can imagine that. Both Prince Edward Tudor and Tom Canty were born on the same day. Edward was welcome by the whole country as an heir to the throne, but Tom’s family didn’t want him because they were too poor as it was. The book mentions this and then keeps to the boys teenage years. Tom grew up in Offal Court. He had a very tough life. His dad made him go out on the streets and beg all day and if he didn’t get enough money his father and grandmother would beat him . If he thought he raised enough money for a day, he would go to Father Andrew’s church and learn to read and speak Latin. Tom’s biggest wish was to see a real prince dressed like royalty. He got this wish one day when he was walking by the king’s palace and saw a boy his own age. He got closer to the fence and a guard grabbed him and pushed him away. The prince saw all of this and told the guard to let Tom in the palace. Prince Edward fed Tom and the started talking about each other’s lives and switched clothes. Then, Edward noticed the bruise on Tom’s hand and went to punish the guard. Dressed in Tom’s old clothes, the prince was thrown out of the palace by the guard. Tom was suddenly Edward, Prince of Wales and Edward, Tom Canty of Offal Court. Tom was not refined enough to be a prince. While at state dinners, he had no clue what to do and just began to stress out King Henry. Tom’s father found Edward and took him home and beat him because he hadn’t collected enough money from begging. He kept proclaiming that he was the Prince of Wales, but no one believed him. That night, Tom’s father found out he was wanted for murder and began to run.

Chinese architecture

Ancient Chinese architecture is an important component of the world architectural system. Through the years it formed into a style that combined stone carving, rammed earth construction, bucket arch buildings and many other techniques. Chinese laboring people created many architectural miracles like the Great Wall, the Forbidden City and the mausoleum of the First Kin Emperor. The most significant characteristic Is the use of timber framework. Painting and carving were added to make the work more beautiful and attractive.The ancient buildings have a long history that can be tracked back all the way to the Shank Dynasty. The houses are built in a very nice way with the roofs colored, windows with exquisite applique © design and beautiful flower patterns. The layout of a courtyard is unique to China. The main structure is on the central axis of a court while less important structures are to the left and right. Houses of China were similar, the way of laying out a house was similar am ong rich and poor. Chinese people build one floor of a building everyday.Some examples of beautiful buildings are the Lieu Pagoda of Hangout, (it was build during the Song Dynasty); the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, (it was build during the Tang Dynasty); the Hall of Supreme Harmony within the Palace museum, (it was built during the Mining Dynasty). The Coughing Garden in Ouzos, it's one of the most finest gardens in China. Now the architecture in China became modern, there are still ancient architectural building and houses, but lots of buildings and houses have been taking down to put the new modern buildings.

Indias Foreign Trade Policy Essay

In the last five years India’s exports witnessed robust growth to reach a level of US$ 168 billion in 2008-09 from US$ 63 billion in 2003-04. India’s share of global merchandise trade was 0.83% in 2003; it rose to 1.45% in 2008 as per WTO estimates. India’s share of global commercial services export was 1.4% in 2003; it rose to 2.8% in 2008. India’s total share in goods and services trade was 0.92% in 2003; it increased to 1.64% in 2008. On the employment front, studies have suggested that nearly 14 million jobs were created directly or indirectly as a result of augmented exports in the last five years. As the export sector has been a major casualty in this downturn the Indian Government has set in motion strategies and policy measures which will catalyse the growth of exports. The short term objective of the Foreign Trade Policy (2009-14) is to arrest and reverse the declining trend of exports and to provide additional support especially to those sectors which have been hit badly by recession in the developed world. The Policy Objectives are as follows: a) Achieving an annual export growth of 15% with an annual export target of US$ 200 billion by March 2011. b) In the remaining three years of this Foreign Trade Policy i.e. upto 2014, the country should be able to come back on the high export growth path of around 25% per annum. c) By 2014, the policy aims to double India’s exports of goods and services. d) The long term policy objective for the Government is to double India’s share in global trade by 2020. HIGHLIGHTS OF FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 2009-2014 Higher Support for Market and Product Diversification 1. Incentive schemes have been expanded by way of addition of new products and markets. 2. 26 new markets have been added under Focus Market Scheme. These include 16 new markets in Latin America and 10 in Asia-Oceania. 3. The incentive available under Focus Market Scheme (FMS) has been raised from 2.5% to 3%. 4. The incentive available under Focus Product Scheme (FPS) has been raised from 1.25% to 2%. 5. A large number of products from various sectors have been included for benefits under FPS. 6. Market Linked Focus Product Scheme (MLFPS) has been greatly expanded. 7. MLFPS benefits also extended for export to additional new markets for certain products. 8. A common simplified application form has been introduced for taking benefits under FPS, FMS, MLFPS and VKGUY. 9. Higher allocation for Market Development Assistance (MDA) and Market Access Initiative (MAI) schemes is being provided. Technological Upgradation 1. To aid technological upgradation of our export sector, EPCG Scheme at Zero Duty has been introduced. EPCG Scheme Relaxations 1. To increase the life of existing plant and machinery, export obligation on import of spares, moulds etc. under EPCG Scheme has been reduced to 50% of the normal specific export obligation. 2. Taking into account the decline in exports, the facility of Re-fixation of Annual Average Export Obligation for a particular financial year in which there is decline in exports from the country, has been extended for the 5 year Policy period 2009-14. Stability/ continuity of the Foreign Trade Policy 1. To impart stability to the Policy regime, Duty Entitlement Passbook (DEPB) Scheme is extended beyond 31-12-2009 till 31.12.2010. 2. Interest subvention of 2% for pre-shipment credit for 7 specified sectors has been extended till 31.3.2010 in the Budget 2009-10. 3. Income Tax exemption to 100% EOUs and to STPI units under Section 10B and 10A of Income Tax Act, has been extended for the financial year 2010-11 in the Budget 2009-10. 4. The adjustment assistance scheme initiated in December, 2008 to provide enhanced ECGC cover at 95%, to the adversely affected sectors, is continued till March, 2010. Introduction The gems and jewellery sector is a major foreign exchange earner. Due to its importance in India’s foreign trade, the government has taken many initiatives to boost the sector. The government, for instance, has declared this sector as a thrust area for exports. During the global economic meltdown especially the government has dealt out many initiatives for the badly-affected sector. This chapter focuses on the various policies and measures that were taken by the government for the gems and jewellery sector. Regulating Bodies Gems & Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC): Established in 1966, the GJEPC is the apex body of the Indian gems and jewellery industry, and has around 6,500 members across India. The primary goal of the Council is to introduce the Indian gems and jewellery to the international market and to promote their exports. The Council provides market information to its members regarding foreign trade inquiries, trade and tariff regulations, rates of import duties, and information about jewellery fairs and exhibitions. The roles played by the GJPEC are broadly highlighted below: Trade Facilitator The Council promotes the Indian gems and jewellery industry in the international market. It organises international jewellery shows, hosts trade delegations, and undertakes image-building exercises through advertisements, publications and audio-visual means. Advisory Role The Council also aids better interaction and understanding between traders and government. The Council takes up relevant issues with the government and agencies connected with exports. It also submits documents for consideration and inclusion in the Exim Policy. Nodal Agency for Kimberley Process Certification Scheme GJEPC works closely with the Indian government and the traders to implement and oversee the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme; in fact, the Council has been appointed as the nodal agency in India under the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. Training and Research The GJEPC runs many institutes that provide training in all aspects of manufacturing and design in Mumbai, Delhi, Surat and Jaipur. Varied Interests The Council publishes many brochures, statistical booklets, trade directories and a bi-monthly magazine – Solitaire International, which is distributed internationally as well as to its members. Gem & Jewellery Trade Council of India (GJTCI): The GJTCI was founded in 2000, and is tasked with resolving any issue arising from trade in gems and jewellery. It plays an important role in showcasing the Indian gems and jewellery to the international as well as the domestic market. Like the GJEPC, GJTCI also provides information to its members through a monthly newsletter, various educative and trade-motivational events such as seminars, workshops, exhibitions, festivals etc. The Bureau of Indian Standards: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the National Standards Body of India, is a statutory body set up under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 and is responsible for hallmarking gold jewellery in India. Deregulation of Gold in India In the pre-liberalisation period (prior to 1991), severe restrictions on the export and import of gold from and into India were imposed. During that time only the State Bank of India (SBI) and the Metals Trading Corporation of India (MMTC) were allowed to import gold. The reasons for imposing these restrictions were: * To reduce demand for, as well as availability of gold * To alter the savings preferences of the population in favour of investments other than gold/silver * To stop smuggling of gold * To conserve foreign exchange resources * To prevent generation of or to unearth black money. It was thought that since gold was one of the most obvious choices for keeping undeclared/ill-gotten income and wealth, a policy to restrict supply of gold would be effective in curbing black money. Several schemes that restricted the export and import of gold were launched in various forms between 1947 and 1963, but the control regime finally took shape with the implementation of the Gold Control Act 1968. This Act did not allow goldsmiths to receive more than 100 grams of standard gold for manufacturing jewellery. Further, a certified goldsmith was not allowed to possess a stock of more than 300 grams of primary gold at any time. The quantity of primary gold possessed by a licensed dealer was limited between 400 grams and 2 kg, depending on the number of artisans employed. There was a legal ban on gold transaction between dealers. The government abolished the Gold Control Act when the balance of payment crisis occurred in 1990, after which the large export houses could import gold freely. Exporters in the export processing zones were allowed to sell 10% of their produce in the domestic market. In 1993, gold and diamond mining were opened up for private investors and foreign investors were allowed to own half of the equity in mining ventures. In 1997, overseas banks and bullion suppliers were also allowed to import gold into India. These measures led to the entry of foreign players such as De Beers, Tiffany and Cartier into the Indian market. Foreign Direct Investment Policy * At present, the Indian government allows 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in gems and jewellery through the automatic route. * For exploration and mining of diamonds and precious stones FDI is allowed up to 74% under the automatic route. * For exploration and mining of gold and silver and minerals other than diamonds and precious stones, metallurgy and processing, FDI is allowed up to 100% under the automatic route. Kimberley Process (KP) The Kimberley Process came into force when the South African diamond producing nations met at Kimberley in South Africa in May 2000. The Kimberly Process was set up to discuss ways to stop the trade in ‘conflict diamonds’ and to ensure that diamond purchases did not fund violence. As of November 2008, the KP had 49 members, representing 75 countries. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) was implemented in India on January 1, 2003 to verify the legitimacy of the import / export of rough diamonds as per the UN resolution and to curb the entry of conflict diamonds into the global trade flow. The system of verification and issuance of KPC is administered from the Mumbai and Surat offices of GJEPC. In India’s Foreign Trade Policy 2009-14, the following measures related to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) have been adopted: * No import or export of rough diamonds shall be permitted unless accompanied by the KP certificate as specified by the GJEPC. * The export and import of rough diamonds to and from Venezuela has been prohibited by the Indian government owing to the voluntary separation of Venezuela from the KPCS. Government Initiatives to Boost the Sector Measures taken by the government in the Union Budget 2009-10: Customs Duty on Gold and Silver * Customs duty on serially numbered gold bars (other than tola bars) and gold coins to be increased from Rs 100 per 10 gram to Rs 200 per 10 gram. Customs duty on other forms of gold to be increased from Rs 250 per 10 gram to Rs 500 per 10 gram. * Customs duty on silver to be increased from Rs 500 per kg to Rs 1,000 per kg. These increases will also be applicable when gold and silver (including ornaments) are imported as personal baggage Central Excise Duty * Excise duty on branded articles of jewellery to be reduced from 2% to nil. * All categories within HS code 71 except the ‘diamonds whether or not worked but not mounted or set’ (HS code 7102) and certain sub-categories within HS code 7104 and 7106 currently have an excise duty rate of 16%. * The category ‘diamonds whether or not worked but not mounted or set’ (HS code 7102) currently does not attract any excise duty. * Sub-category ‘Piezo-electric quartz’ (HS code 71041000), silver (including silver plated with gold or platinum) in powdered form (HS code 71061000), unwrought (HS code 71069100) and other (HS code 71069290) do not attract any excise duty. Fiscal Stimulus Measures (December 2008) The Reserve Bank of India announced certain fiscal stimulus measures in December 2008 to revive the Indian economy during the onset of the global financial crisis. The following measures were announced for the Indian gems and jewellery sector: * Increasing the post-shipment Rupee export credit period from 90 days to 180 days from November 28, 2008 * Increasing the pre-shipment rupee export credit period from 180 days to 270 days from November 15, 2008 * Providing an interest subvention of 2% up to March 31, 2009, subject to minimum rate of interest of 7% per annum, to make pre and post-shipment export credit for gems and jewellery more attractive * Allowing exporters to avail refund of service tax on foreign agent commissions of up to 10% of FOB value of exports. They will also be allowed refund of service tax on output services while availing of benefits under Duty Drawback Scheme * Banks will charge interest rate not exceeding Benchmark Prime Lending Rate (BPLR) minus 4.5% on pre-shipment credit up to 270 days and post-shipment credit up to 180 days on the outstanding amount for the period December 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009. Export Facilitation Measures by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry Further, in February 2009, the gems and jewellery sector got a special boost from the Ministry of Commerce with the following announcements: Gems and jewellery, diamonds and precious metals were given a special boost by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Export Promotion Council for Gems and Jewellery and Star Trading Houses (in the gems and jewellery sector). Besides, the Diamond India Ltd, MSTC Ltd and STCL Ltd were added under the list of nominated agencies notified under Para 4 A.4 of foreign trade policy for the import of precious metals. * Surat, Gujarat has been given the recognition of a town of export excellence, because it is home to thousands of diamond units that employ many diamond workers. * The authorised persons of gems and jewellery units in export-oriented units will be allowed to carry personal carriage of gold in primary form up to 10 kg in a financial year subject to the RBI and customs guidelines. * Import restrictions on worked corals have been removed to address the grievance of gem and jewellery exporters. Foreign Trade Policy 2009-2014 Foreign Trade Policy has identified the gems and jewellery sector as a thrust area with prospects for export expansion and employment generation. The highlights of the policy are: a. Import of gold of 8 carat and above allowed under replenishment scheme subject to import being accompanied by an Assay Certificate specifying purity, weight and alloy content. b. Duty Free Import Entitlement (based on FOB value of exports during the previous financial year) of consumables and tools, for: 1. Jewellery made out of: i. Precious metals (other than gold and platinum) – 2% ii. Gold and platinum – 1% iii. Rhodium finished silver – 3% 2. Cut and polished diamonds – 1% 3. Duty free import entitlement of consumables for metals other than gold, platinum will be 2% of FOB value of exports during the previous financial year. c. Duty-free import entitlement of commercial samples shall be Rs 300,000. d. Duty free re-import entitlement for rejected jewellery shall be 2% of FOB value of exports. e. Import of diamonds on consignment basis for certification/ grading and re-export by the authorised offices/agencies of Gemological Institute of America (GIA) in India or other approved agencies will be permitted. f. To promote export of gems and jewellery products, the value limits of personal carriage of gems and jewellery products in case of holding/participating in overseas exhibitions increased to US$ 5 mn and to US$ 1 mn in case of export promotion tours. Further, the limit in case of personal carriage, as samples, for export promotion tours, has been increased from US$ 0.1 mn to US$ 1 mn. g. Extension in number of days for re-import of unsold items in case of participation in an exhibition in the US increased to 90 days. h. In an endeavour to make India a diamond international trading hub, diamond bourses will be planned. i. Gems and jewellery units may sell up to 10% of FOB value of exports of the preceding year in Domestic Tariff Area (DTA), subject to fulfilment of positive Net Foreign Exchange (NFE). In respect of sale of plain jewellery, recipient shall pay concessional rate of duty as applicable to sale from nominated agencies. In order to boost the gems and jewellery sector, the value addition norms were reduced in the FTP 2009-14. Earlier, owing to abrupt fluctuation in gold prices, exporters were unable to comply with the previous high value addition norms. Under the scheme for export of jewellery, value addition shall be calculated as per paragraph 4 A.6 of FTP. Minimum value addition shall be: Special Economic Zones (SEZ) In order to boost foreign trade and investment, the Indian government introduced the SEZ policy in April 2000 under the Export-Import (EXIM) policy. Under the policy, the government allowed companies to set up units in SEZ to manufacture goods or provide services that facilitated a hassle-free environment for exports. However, it was the SEZ Act 2005 – passed in February 2006 – that laid down regulatory frameworks and rules for setting up and for the operation of SEZs. With extended tax holidays up to 15 years – from previous tax holiday of 10 years, the SEZ Act managed to generate considerable level of interest; as a result, the number of SEZs witnessed a sharp rise in a matter of few years. The Act envisages promoting exports of goods and services, promoting FDI, creating employment, generating economic activity and most importantly, developing infrastructure. To promote the exports of gems and jewellery, the government has set up various SEZs with specific incentives. Some important government policies relating to SEZs in the gems and jewellery sector are highlighted below: * No import or export of rough diamonds will be permitted unless the shipment parcel is accompanied by the Kimberley Process Certificate issued by the Development Commissioner. * Cut and polished diamonds and precious and semi-precious stones (except rough diamonds, precious or semiprecious stones having zero duty) shall not be allowed to be taken outside the SEZ for sub-contracting. * A gem and jewellery unit may receive plain gold or silver or platinum jewellery from the Domestic Tariff Area or from an EOU or from a unit in the same or another SEZ in exchange of equivalent content of gold or silver or platinum contained in the said jewellery after adjusting permissible wastage or manufacturing loss allowed under the provisions of the Foreign Trade Policy read with the handbook of procedures. * The DTA Unit undertaking sub-contracting or supplying jewellery against exchange of gold or silver or platinum shall not be entitled to export entitlements. ————————————————- Sector Overview India has significant reserves of gold, diamond, ruby and other gemstones. Key states with gemstone reserves and mining potential are Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. Orissa has deposits of ruby and has about 20 varieties of various gemstones such as rhodoline, garnet, aquamarine, etc. Andhra Pradesh has gold and diamond bearing areas, as well as occurrences of semi-precious and abrasive stones spread over different districts. Diamonds are mined only at Panna in Madhya Pradesh by the National Mining Development Corporation. The two major segments of the sector in India are gold jewellery and diamonds. The country is the largest consumer of gold, accounting for more than 20% of the total world gold consumption. Gold jewellery forms around 80% of the Indian jewellery market, with the balance comprising fabricated studded jewellery that includes diamond and gemstone studded jewellery. A predominant portion of the gold jewellery manufactured in India is consumed in the domestic market. India is world’s largest cutting and polishing centre for diamonds; the cutting and polishing industry is well supported by government policies and the banking sector with around 50 banks providing nearly USD 3 billion of credit to the Indian diamond industry. It is considered to be diamond polishing and processing capital of the world as its artisans are skilled in processing small-sized diamonds. At present, India exports 95% of the world’s diamonds, according to statistics released by the Gems and Jewellery Export promotion Council (GJEPC). A major portion of the rough, uncut diamonds processed in India is exported, either in the form of polished diamonds or finished diamond jewellery. The size of the Indian gems and jewellery market is was USD 30.1 billion in 2011 and is expected to be USD 45 billion by 2015 on the back of increasing domestic demand. The country is one of the largest exporters of gems and jewellery and the industry is considered to play a vital role in the Indian economy as it is a leading foreign exchange earner. The sector is expected to generate up to USD 35 billion of revenue from exports by the year 2015. The countries where demand is increasing for Indian jewellery include the UAE, the US, Russia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Latin America and China. The sector provi des employment to around 1.8 million people. In the next five years, the sector is expected to create additional employment for around 1.1 million people. FDI into the diamond and gold ornaments sector was USD 302 million from April 2000 to April 2011, as per statistics released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), which is part of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, and is charged with the framing of the country’s FDI policy. The hub of India’s jewellery industry is Mumbai that receives the majority of the country’s gold and rough diamond imports. Mumbai has a considerable number of modern, semi-automatic factories and laser-cutting units, the majority of which are located in the special economic zone. Most of the diamond processing, though, is undertaken in Gujarat, (primarily in Surat, Bhavnagar, Ahmadabad and Bhuj) and in Rajasthan (Jaipur). Policy and Promotion The government has announced several measures for the promotion of the gems and jewellery sector in the New Foreign Trade Policy (2009-2014), some of the important ones being: ï‚ · To neutralize duty incidence on gold jewellery exports, duty drawback on such exports is now allowed. ï‚ · Import of diamonds on consignment basis for certification/grading and re-export by the authorized offices/agencies of Gemological Institute of America (GIA) in India or other approved agencies to be permitted. ï‚ · To promote exports of gems and jewellery products, the value limit of personal carriage has been increased from USD 2 million to USD 5 million in case of participation in overseas exhibitions. The limit in case of personal carriage as samples for export promotion tours has also been increased from USD 0.1 million to USD 1 million. ï‚ · The number of days for re-import of unsold items in the case of participation in an exhibition in the US has been increased to 90 days. The gover nment plans to establish diamond bourses in an endeavour to make India an international diamond trading hub. ï‚ · 100% FDI is permitted in the gems and jewellery sector through the automatic route. ï‚ · Gems and jewellery SEZs have been set up to promote investments in the sector. The names of operational SEZs in the sector are SEEPZ Special Economic Zone, Mumbai; Manikanchan SEZ, West Bengal; Jaipur SEZ; and Hyderabad Gems SEZ Ltd. Further, formal approval has been given to 13 SEZs in the sector — three have got in-principal approval and seven have been notified, as per the SEZ Board of Approval statistics. Major Players The gems and jewellery market essentially comprises sourcing, processing, manufacturing and selling of precious metals and gemstones such as gold, platinum, silver, diamond, ruby, sapphire, among others. This industry is highly unorganised and fragmented with 96% of the total players being family-owned businesses. Currently there are more than 500,000 gems and jewellery players across the country, with the majority being small players. Modern retail players have only 4% to 6% share, which is perhaps one of the lowest when compared to other sectors such as apparel, footwear, books and music. At the same time, India is gaining prominence as an international sourcing destination for high-quality designer jewellery. Global companies such as Walmart and JC Penney procure jewellery from India. Some of the major brands in the Indian jewellery segment are Gili, Tanishq, Carbon, Oyzterbay and Trendsmith. The major players in the Indian gems and jewellery retail sector are Reliance Retail, Damas Jewellery, Gitanjali Gems Ltd., Swarovski, Diamond Trading Company, Vardhaman Developers, Dubai-based Joy Alukkas, Viswa and Devji Diamonds and Gold Souk India. Sector Outlook A FICCI-Technopak report estimates that gems and jewellery exports will grow to USD 58 billion by 2015. It also estimates that the domestic market for gems and jewellery will touch USD 35 billion to USD 40 billion by 2015. India has several strengths that have made it a significant force in the global gems and jewellery business. These are: ï‚ · Highly skilled, yet low-cost labour. ï‚ · Established manufacturing excellence in jewellery and diamond polishing. ï‚ · India is the most technologically advanced diamond cutting centre in the world. ï‚ · Opportunity to address one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing gems and jewellery markets. ï‚ · Opportunity to leverage India’s strengths to address the global market. One of the most encouraging trends visible in the Indian gems and jewellery market is that the country is now beginning to move towards branded jewellery and consumers are increasingly accepting modern retail formats. According to the FICCI-Technopak report, this would act as a catalyst for change and may impact traditional players, who would need to upgrade to keep pace with changing market trends. It is expected that, going forward, traditional players will coexist with modern players — this is, in fact, the trend in international markets where independent jewellers still hold significant market share. (b) Gems and Jewellery sector ï‚ · Export of Gems & Jewellery by Personal carriage through Mumbai and Jaipur Airports: Export of diamonds, gemstones and gold jewellery through personal carriage through Mumbai and Airports stopped though it is allowed in other airports. Customs authorities have stopped the facility of personal carriage of gems and jewellery both for export and import at Mumbai and Jaipur. → Mumbai Customs Commissionerate opines that the facility can be started only if the safe deposit vault is installed by the Bharat Diamond Bourse (BDB). BDB has requested Mumbai International Airport Private Limited for allocating space of 200 sq ft for constructing the safe deposit vault for custody of personal carriage of import and export of precious cargo. Exporters want this to start immediately by using the available vault of customs at Airport. Recently, export by personal carriage was allowed in Mumbai Airport. However, customs authorities need to sort this out for smooth and continuous functioning of this facility. → Jaipur has limited international flights and there is no problem in personal carriage of these facilities for such flights. When Gateway ports other than Jaipur (like Delhi) are used the problem arises. Customs authorities in these airports do not accept the sealing of goods done in Jaipur. Exporters feel that gems and jewellery parcels may be allowed to be appraised by Jaipur customs and the Gateway airports may be instructed to accept the documents signed by Jaipur customs appraiser. This is a procedural issue and customs need to resolve it.

Genetic Privacy essays

Genetic Privacy essays Genetic information is unique. It tells not only about an individual, but also about an individual's family. Unlike medical information, genetic information does not change over time. Genetic information is more than health information; it also reveals our heritage and connections to relatives and communities. Where does genetic information belong in our scale of respect for and protection of personal privacy? What level of privacy restrictions, if any, should be put on genetic information? Some genetic information, such as the color of our hair and skin, is obvious and cannot be kept secret. But what about that genetic information which is less apparent to others, such as our risk for developing a health disorder late in life? Who should be able to have access to this information? Privacy rules set limits on who can access genetic information, and how they may do so. The concept of genetic privacy is split into three primary elements: genetic information as private, confidentiality of genetic information, and the possible use of genetic information to discriminate against individuals or groups. The reason why I am dividing genetic privacy into these three elements is because they are the key essentials that can be debated for or against privacy. In this paper, I will discuss the debates for and against genetic privacy. I will present my position on these debates providing my argument against genetic privacy, respond with how someone may reply to the position advocated, and finally conclude with my belief that setting restrictions on genetic privacy is very difficult and impossible with the issue of discrimination while still taking into consideration of the other side of the argument. Genetic information being kept private can be seen as possible or impossible. Without federal laws to protect the privacy of patients and the confidentiality of medical records, efforts to reform the nation's health care system will not be completely s...

buy custom Types of Crime essay

buy custom Types of Crime essay Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) data is a reliable set of crime statistics that the United States uses in law enforcement administration, operation and management (Siegel, 2010). The United States has experienced a variety of crimes in the recent times. Such crimes include murder, aggravated assault, forcible rape, arson, burglary, motor vehicle theft, robbery and larceny-theft (Siegel, 2010). This discussion will consider the detailed description of the most common crimes that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has provided as UCR data. Murder and non-negligent manslaughter refer to the willful killing in which a person kills another person (Siegel, 2010). The United States use the UCR in the measurement of this crime. Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. Murder offenders can be either male or female whose ages range from 5 years to 49 years (Siegel, 2010). Those individuals, who commit murder crime most frequently, are men and women belonging to the age range of 20 years to 24 years old. Most murder victims are eighteen years old or older. Murder incidents can take place in isolated places to avoid interruption. The number of murder incidents is declining gradually (Siegel, 2010). Aggravated assault refers to an offence in which a person unlawfully attacks another, in order to inflict aggravated or severe bodily injury (Siegel, 2010). UCR is crucial in the measurement of this crime. Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. Individuals below eighteen years of age can commit aggravated assaults, but most offenders are eighteen years old or older. Most victims of aggravated assault are adults who own weapons. This offence can take place in a variety of places, especially where the victim is alone. However, the number of aggravated assaults is declining gradually (Siegel, 2010) Forcible rape refers to the carnal knowledge of females forcibly and against their wish (Siegel, 2010). This category includes assaults or attempts to commit rape by a threat of force. The measurement of forcible rape includes the presentation of the number of forcible rape as the UCR data. Offenders are usually males who are eighteen years old or older (Siegel, 2010). This is because most men become adolescents when they are about eighteen years old. The victims of the forcible rape can be younger than 18 years of age, but most of them are between 14 to 20 years old or older. Forcible rape usually takes place in isolated places, which are poor lit. The rate of forcible rape in the United States is decreasing in a gradual manner (Siegel, 2010). Robbery refers to an attempt of taking valuable properties from the custody, control, or care of a person by violence or a threat of force (Siegel, 2010). Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. This facilitates the measurement of robbery cases because the findings provide data for computations. This offence includes juveniles, adolescents, and adults as offenders, but adults constitute the largest percentage because they own dangerous weapons such as firearms. Robbery victims are usually adults who own valuable properties such as; money, laptop, or car. Robberies can take place in homes, on the road or in commercial buildings. The rate of robbery crimes increases gradually (Siegel, 2010). Siegel (2010) defines arson as a malicious or willful attempt to burn with or without a purpose to defraud, other peoples properties such as; a dwelling house, aircraft or motor vehicle, or other personal properties. Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. The local authorities report the number of robbery cases to the police officers who report the caases to the FBI to publish the findings. Most of the arson offenders are men, and 50 percent of which are 18 years old or younger (Siegel, 2010). Victims of arson are usually adults who own valuable properties, such as buildings or cars. In most cases, the basis of arson is revenge or persecution. Arson can take places in various places such as on the road, in commercial buildings and in homes (Siegel, 2010). Finally, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and larceny-theft are the property crimes, which involve stealing of other peoples properties. Burglary refers to unlawful entry of a building to commit a theft or felony. There has been a decline in the rate of burglary (Siegel, 2010). UCR data show a gradual increase in the rate of burglaries. Motor vehicle theft refers to the theft of a motor vehicle. UCR data show that the rate of motor vehicle theft has been decreasing (Siegel, 2010). Larceny-theft refers to carrying away of properties from the constructive possession or possession of other people. It is evident from the UCR data that the rate of larceny-theft has been declining gradually (Siegel, 2010). Offenders of burglary, motor vehicle theft, and larceny-theft are usually adults who own weapons such as firearms (Siegel, 2010). The measurement of these crimes includes the presentation of the number of criminal cases as the UCR data. These offences can take place in a number of places i ncluding commercial buildings. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) data has made it possible for the United States to measure the rate of crimes that belong both to the violence crime and to the property crime. Computation on the UCR data enables the federal government design ways of reducing crimes. The rate of most crimes decreases year after year because of various control measures that the federal government has put into place (Siegel, 2010). Buy custom Types of Crime essay

2 Easy Examples of the Law of Conservation of Mass

2 Easy Examples of the Law of Conservation of Mass SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Chemistry is an important subject that you’ll definitely need to know if you’re planning to pursue a chemistry or other science major in college. One thing you should be familiar with is the law of conservation of mass.What is it? And how is it used in chemistry? Keep reading to learn what the law of conservation of mass is and how it came to be. We will also give you some law of conservation of mass examples to help you understand the concept better. What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass? First off, exactly what is the law of conservation of mass? This law states that in a closed system, matter can neither be created nor destroyed- it can only change form. Put differently, the amount, or mass, of matter in an isolated system will always be constant regardless of any chemical reactions or physical changes that take place. (Note that an isolated or closed system is one that does not interact with its environment.) This law is important in chemistry, particularly when combining different materials and testing the reactions between them. In chemistry, the law of conservation of mass states thatthe mass of the products (the chemical substances created by a chemical reaction) will always equal the mass of the reactants (the substances that make the chemical reaction). Think of it as being similar to balancing an algebraic equation. Both sides around an equal sign might look different (for example, 6a + 2b = 20), but they still represent the same total quantity. This is similar to how the mass must be constant for all matter in a closed system- even if that matter changes form! But how does the law of conservation of mass work? When a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, you might assume that some or even all of the matter present is disappearing, but, in actuality, it's simply changing form. Think about when a liquid turns into a gas. You might think that the matter (in this case, the liquid) has simply vanished. But if you were to actually measure the gas, you'd find that the initial mass of the liquid hasn’t actually changed.What this means is that the substance, which is now a gas, still has the same mass it had when it was a liquid (yes- gas has mass, too!). What Is the History Behind the Law of Conservation of Mass? Though many people, including the ancient Greeks, laid the scientific groundwork necessary for the discovery of the law of conservation of mass, it is French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) who is most often credited as its discoverer. This is also why the law is occasionally called Lavoisier’slaw. Lavoisier lookin' proud of his discovery. In the late 1700s, Lavoisier proved through experimentation that the total mass does not change in a chemical reaction, leading him to declare thatmatter is always conserved in a chemical reaction. Lavoisier’s experiments marked the first time someone clearly tested this idea of the conservation of matter by measuring the masses of materials both before and after they underwent a chemical reaction. Ultimately, the discovery of the law of conservation of mass was immensely significant to the field of chemistry because it proved that matter wasn’t simply disappearing (as it appeared to be) but was rather changing form into another substance of equal mass. What Are Some Law of Conservation of Mass Examples? Law of conservation of mass examples are useful for visualizing and understanding this crucial scientific concept. Here are two examples to help illustrate how this law works. Example 1: The Bonfire/Campfire One common example you’ll come across is the image of a bonfire or campfire. Picture this: you’ve gathered some sticks with friends and lit them with a match. After a couple of toasted marshmallows and campfire songs, you realize that the bonfire, or campfire, you've built has completely burned down. All you’re left with is a small pile of ashes and some smoke. Your initial instinct might be to assume that some of the campfire's original mass from the sticks has somehow vanished. But it actually hasn’t- it’s simply transformed! In this scenario, as the sticks burned, they combined with oxygen in the air to turn into not just ash but also carbon dioxide and water vapor. As a result, If we measured the total mass of the wooden sticks and the oxygen before setting the sticks on fire, we'd discover that this mass is equal to the mass of the ashes, carbon dioxide, and water vapor combined. Example 2: The Burning Candle A similar law of conservation of mass example is the image of a burning candle. For this example, picture a regular candle, with wax and a wick. Once the candle completely burns down, though, you can see that there is definitely far less wax than there was before you lit it. This means that some of the wax (not all of it, as you’ve likely noticed with candles you’ve lit in real life!) has been transformed into gases- namely,water vapor and carbon dioxide. As the previous example with the bonfire has shown, no matter (and therefore no mass) is lost through the process of burning. Recap: What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass? The law of conservation of mass is a scientific law popularized and systematized by the 18th-century French chemist Antoine Lavoisier. According to the law,in an isolated system, matter cannot be created or destroyed- only changed.This means that the total mass of all substances before a chemical reaction will equal the total mass of all substances after a chemical reaction. Simply put, matter (and thus mass) is always conserved, even if a substance changes chemical or physical form. Knowing this scientific law is important for the study of chemistry, so if you plan to get into this field, you'll definitely want to understand what the law of conservation of mass is all about! What’s Next? Are there other science topics you want to review? Then you're in luck! Our guides will teach you loads of useful topics, fromhow to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, to what the density of water is, to how to balance chemical equations. Need help identifying stylistic techniques in a book you're reading for English class? Let our comprehensive list of the most important literary deviceslend you a hand!

In order for men to fulfill the role that society expects of them, do Essay

In order for men to fulfill the role that society expects of them, do women have to be suppressed - Essay Example In order for men to fulfill the role that society expects of them, do women have to be suppressed? First of all, the main reason of such misunderstandings is hidden in our childhood. We all are born free of patterns. All the children are born full of energy. They are happy just because they live, they are full of love, which the world is based on. That is why children are so active and lively. They live in the unity with the world. This happens until the adults start putting this stream in some frames, which are suitable for them. They want to overlap the current of this stream, because they think that it would be safer for them and for a child. They are sure that it is dangerous to be free, moreover, it is indecent. Adults worry about the opinion of neighbors and relatives if they let their child stay as he is. Other people would judge them, they would demand from you to put your child in certain frames and make a decent person out of him. And when he becomes serious and cold like them, they would say that now it is ok and you managed to bring up your child successfully. The soci ety does not want us to be alive and free. Patterns predefine the destiny of men and women. A future man is convinced that he should suppress a woman. When the boy is born, his parents start telling him: you must. The suggestions vary depending on the conditions a boy is growing up in. Parents usually say: you should be strong, you should not cry. He starts to hide his tears, his weaknesses. However, no person can be strong in everything. We all have our strengths and weaknesses and if we do not accept our weakness, if we deny it, we become even weaker and our strength gets ugly forms.

Homicide Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Homicide Investigation - Essay Example The corresponding homicide rates, which compare the total number of homicides to population figures, indicate that in 1960 there were 5.1 murders for every 100,000 U.S. citizens. By 1993, the rate had risen to 9.5.1 (Regini). Homicide certainly is a chief social problem in a society where violence is prevalent. The dramatic rate increase enthuse law enforcement efforts to intensify methodical homicide investigation. Traditional techniques reinforced and fortified with technological advancements and modern approaches aim to foster the progress of complex homicide cases. This subject matter appeals to me for the reason that I intend to pursue this line of work upon graduation. It is my conviction that this endeavor is a noble profession that is valuable and significant to society. Although homicide is distressing and tragic in nature, the pursuit of justice for the victims and surviving families is definitely a dignified career. That objective alone establishes a sufficient motivation for me to go through this challenge. Some may view homicide investigation as stressful, demanding and non-lucrative occupation. Nevertheless, there is no better reward than to be regarded as someone of service to the community wherein we and our loved ones are living in. I am aware that being a professional homicide investigator carries with it a great responsibility and requires utmost devotion and determination. It is my aspiration to gain knowledge and expertise in investigative strategies to become a successful homicide investigator. RESEARCH The Law of Homicide has the most complex degree (grading) system of any area in Criminal Law (The Law). In order to properly exercise practical scientific homicide investigation, it is imperative to first be familiar with the definition of homicide itself. Primitive legal codes defined homicide as taking the life of a human being and included suicide. As the legal system evolved, suicide was excluded and homicide became "the killing of one person by another." (Allen and Simonsen 1998, p. 615). Generally, if a person is accountable for the death of another person, that is classified as homicide. There was even a controversy whether abortion can be deemed as homicide: The differentiation between abortion and homicide has not always been so clear-cut. Some people consider a fetus to be a human being from the moment of conception, whereas others are more liberal in their beliefs. The debate over the line between human being and nonhuman being, with regard to abortion, is a continuous issue, but the U.S. Supreme Court's January 1973 Roe v. Wade decision eliminated the act, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, from the definition of homicide. At the start of the twenty-first century, forty states and the District of Columbia prohibited (except in rare circumstances) abortions after the fetus becomes viable (i.e., capable of surviving outside the mother on its own)-generally after the twenty-seventh

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Coursework Example The RN also needs to inform the patient that he or she will take some time to adjust to the new lifestyle and that it will not be easy. However, words of encouragement will motivate the patient to live positively. Some of the factors that the RN needs to consider include the patient’s knowledge, attitude and skills. The main steps of the teaching-learning process include assessing learning needs, diagnosing the learning needs, developing a teaching plan and finally executing the plan (Hood, 2013). The RN was likely to have missed the second step. The RN did not identify the patient’s lack of knowledge regarding diabetes and poor attitude towards the disease, which were likely to obstruct the patients self-promotion of health (Hood, 2013). Some of the things that might be done differently include enlisting the patient to a support group of other patients with type 1 diabetes. In the group, the patients can share their day-to-day experiences of living with diabetes, the challenges they face and ways of overcoming these obstacles. Through the self-help group, the patient will be able to meet other people who are living healthy, productive lives with type 1 diabetes. Consequently, the patient will accept that diabetes is not the end of life and that insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring are the major ways of dealing with the

UC application, personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UC application, - Personal Statement Example I believe in a friendly environment and on factors that would ensure my success. The morals that guide a given institution are similar to those taught by a given society. My family teachings and system code of ethics are what guides my decision-making processes My endurance may be traced to my earlier lives where my family encouragement to pursue my career based on personal interest rather than peer influence. The competitive nature of the modern world requires an individual to choose his or her path wisely. The nature in which an individual chooses his educational path will depend on what society has to offer in terms of employment opportunities. Passion drives this choice and my choice was based on the available opportunities and supportive environments created by my family and friends. The level of expectation from this environment drives my success goals. An individual arranges his priorities based on the environment and my aim is to ensure a successful process that would ensure an increase in levels of competitiveness in this complex world. The world becomes complicated when, and individual fails to achieve certain goals. My aim is to remain relevant to my environment and achieve my goals based on their priorities. Moral of an individual is determined by the nature of his or her upbringing. My family background molded me to become a responsible person, who appreciates the surroundings and respects varied opinions. This characteristic has enabled my stay at the school. I believe in a culture as a tool that would enable interactions between people and cultures. Diversity creates a wider opportunity to explore the differences associated with world and immediate society. I utilize diversity as a means of study and as a way of learning the world in a different dimension. This dimension enables my exploration of new opportunities with the goal of creating counter actions plan to overcome challenges that are associated with diversity. My

Article Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Analysis - Research Paper Example Consequent to the reduce demand, February-delivery of heating oil fell by 1.2 percent on the New York Mercantile Exchange. This paper explores how consumption patterns over a period affect the price of heating oil – when supply remains the same; demand remains the same. The paper also reviews how price elasticity of the demand for a given commodity plays a crucial role in deciding about its demand patterns. While Supply Remains Fairly Same, Price of the Commodity May Still Fall Heating oil is a freely traded commodity and its supply and demand patterns largely decide about its prices. Heating oil is a hugely consumed commodity in the U.S and globally. Apart its industrial consumption, heating oil is largely consumed by the Northeast region of the U.S. to provide warmth in the homes during winter months. It is obvious that its demand usually surges during winter months; however, this winter, as reported in the article, heating oil experienced a subdued demand; perhaps, due to m ilder winter or due to economic recession that is going in the US for quite some time or mix of it. Market always draws inference about the likely consumption from the past data and accordingly readies itself for the supply; however, when for some reason demand does not match intended supply, the price starts plummeting to find a new equilibrium. Heating oil is a sensitive item and its prices keep on fluctuating regularly following change in supply and demand dynamics. When demand and supply positions are in equilibrium prices remain fairly stationary but that is not found in case of heating oil as consumption patterns keep on changing due to various reasons regularly. The following schematic represents how new equilibrium from E1 to E2 is quickly achieved in reference to the reduced demand. D1 Price D2 Supply E1 E2 Quantity While Demand Remaining Fairly Unchanged, Price of the Commodity May Still Rise The article speaks about the reduction in the prices of heating oil due to reduce d demand; however, reverse is also true that when supply of the heating oil plummets while its demand remains more or less unchanged, its price may still rise. Though heating oil is a refinery product but its pricing is largely linked with the price of crude oil and its supply, which is controlled by OPEC countries. OPEC being an international cartel of the major crude oil producing countries controls its supply so as to prevent prices to go down beyond certain levels. This is done largely by controlling supply of the crude through reduced production among its member countries. The law of demand and supply in price determination takes its course even then. The reduced supply arrests the fall of price to find a new equilibrium that can restore the minimum desired price by this cartel. Thus, OPEC members have been maneuvering the supply of the crude oil by administering the production quota for its member countries to maintain its prices above certain levels that in turn does not allo w the prices of all downstream products to fall below specific levels. However, in a dynamic world things keep on changing rapidly. Any new large oil finds anywhere in the world outside OPEC may alter supply dynamics of crude oil and change the price behavior of all downstream products including heating oil. The Price-elasticity of Demand of Heating Oil is Low The price elasticity is a measure of the change in demand

Demand & Supply Analysis and Choice of Economic System Essay

Demand & Supply Analysis and Choice of Economic System - Essay Example This essay discusses that a free market economy is a market system where transactions between buyers and sellers are determined only by mutual consent. This excludes that one party gets the deal by duress or deception; it also excludes the intervention of a third party – like government – to force or prevent the market. A free market limits government intervention in the application property rights, contract enforcement and verification of consent. The market economy means an economic system where decisions of production, exchange and allocation of goods and services is mainly determined using information derived from the free interaction of supply and demand established by market forces. There are several limitations of market economic system to be implemented in economy. A free market can occasionally result in formation of monopoly, duopoly, oligopoly or a cartel. Such structures create dominance of suppliers in the particular market to the disadvantage of buyers. Fo r this reason, free market economy can potentially impinge on the rights of a certain segment in the economy. A fair exchange implies a relationship of equality between the persons concerned, which is absent in these scenarios. Sometimes, in a market economy the employer and the employee are not in a relationship of equality. The employer can attempt to dictate terms to the employees, therefore, a safeguarding body is required to ensure payment of minimum wages and to enforce health & safety measures. Provision of Public Goods A free market economy cannot provide provision of pubic goods whose benefits are distributed over a very large population and cannot be directly traced. For instance, roads and national defense cannot be provided by a private enterprise. Therefore, some intervention is needed in the market economic system for these provisions (Grossman, 2005). Provisions for Safety Net A free market economy cannot provide social security to the citizens of the country. A marke t economic system cannot find mechanism to transfer funds from have’s to havenot’s and to help citizens in the lower income groups to rise from the vicious cycle of lower economic strata. State invention is essential for redistribution of wealth and income for functioning of a healthy society. Mixed Economic System A  mixed economy  is an  economic system  in which many private companies and a strong public sector coexist. In other words it is a mixture of ideas of  the market economy and planned economy. The reason some form of a mixed economic system in in place in almost all countries of the world is that mixed economic system fulfills the above mentioned shortcomings of a free market economy. A  government  can promote  free enterprise  while reserving certain areas of the economy through nationalization  , or then it privatize all enterprises while creating a legal framework which limits actions which impinges on the rights of certain segment o f the economy. Most countries today have a mixed economic system to a certain level. Question 2 – Demand & Supply Changes in Metal and Automobile Markets 2.1 - Impact on the Prices of Palladium Metal following Usage of Replacement Metals it is found that the alternative metals will replace palladium in the process of production of an automobile. This implies a leftward shift in the aggregate demand curve for palladium metal because less palladium will be demanded at each price level. This shift is depicted in the graph below by the movement of demand curve from D1 to D2. Since, the supply of palladium is dependent on the rate at which the metal is extracted from the ores, there is not change in the aggregate supply of the metal (Grossman, 2005). The aggregate supply

Article Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Analysis - Research Paper Example Consequent to the reduce demand, February-delivery of heating oil fell by 1.2 percent on the New York Mercantile Exchange. This paper explores how consumption patterns over a period affect the price of heating oil – when supply remains the same; demand remains the same. The paper also reviews how price elasticity of the demand for a given commodity plays a crucial role in deciding about its demand patterns. While Supply Remains Fairly Same, Price of the Commodity May Still Fall Heating oil is a freely traded commodity and its supply and demand patterns largely decide about its prices. Heating oil is a hugely consumed commodity in the U.S and globally. Apart its industrial consumption, heating oil is largely consumed by the Northeast region of the U.S. to provide warmth in the homes during winter months. It is obvious that its demand usually surges during winter months; however, this winter, as reported in the article, heating oil experienced a subdued demand; perhaps, due to m ilder winter or due to economic recession that is going in the US for quite some time or mix of it. Market always draws inference about the likely consumption from the past data and accordingly readies itself for the supply; however, when for some reason demand does not match intended supply, the price starts plummeting to find a new equilibrium. Heating oil is a sensitive item and its prices keep on fluctuating regularly following change in supply and demand dynamics. When demand and supply positions are in equilibrium prices remain fairly stationary but that is not found in case of heating oil as consumption patterns keep on changing due to various reasons regularly. The following schematic represents how new equilibrium from E1 to E2 is quickly achieved in reference to the reduced demand. D1 Price D2 Supply E1 E2 Quantity While Demand Remaining Fairly Unchanged, Price of the Commodity May Still Rise The article speaks about the reduction in the prices of heating oil due to reduce d demand; however, reverse is also true that when supply of the heating oil plummets while its demand remains more or less unchanged, its price may still rise. Though heating oil is a refinery product but its pricing is largely linked with the price of crude oil and its supply, which is controlled by OPEC countries. OPEC being an international cartel of the major crude oil producing countries controls its supply so as to prevent prices to go down beyond certain levels. This is done largely by controlling supply of the crude through reduced production among its member countries. The law of demand and supply in price determination takes its course even then. The reduced supply arrests the fall of price to find a new equilibrium that can restore the minimum desired price by this cartel. Thus, OPEC members have been maneuvering the supply of the crude oil by administering the production quota for its member countries to maintain its prices above certain levels that in turn does not allo w the prices of all downstream products to fall below specific levels. However, in a dynamic world things keep on changing rapidly. Any new large oil finds anywhere in the world outside OPEC may alter supply dynamics of crude oil and change the price behavior of all downstream products including heating oil. The Price-elasticity of Demand of Heating Oil is Low The price elasticity is a measure of the change in demand

Alcohol the legal killer Essay Example for Free

Alcohol the legal killer Essay Alcohol is an ordinary name for a substance which is chemically known as ethyl alcohol, pure spirits or grain alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is a kind of wine which is produced for medical and other purposes. Alcohol drink is every beverage that has ethyl alcohol intoxicating quantities. The amount of pure alcohol must not exceed more than two percent in beers and not more than sixty eight percent in absinthe. Alcohol is legally allowed to produce and sale in the most of the countries of the world particularly in the western countries. Alcohol is not much dangerous for the drunken person if it is taken in low quantities but it will be more dangerous to life it will be used in bulk and on a regular basis. Alcohol is the part of culture in many countries like India and Australia but it is a silent killer and legal killer because of its negative effects. People like to drink for relaxation, socialization, celebration and taste but most of people lose balance in drinking then travel on the path which goes to death. Alcohol is legally allowed in many countries for drinking but there are some conditions on its usage like a person cannot drink more than a specific amount of alcohol and no one can drive a vehicle if he or she has drunk. But these conditions are not discouraging the use of alcohol as it is also a form of drugs like heroin, opium, hash and cocaine. All these drugs are dangerous for life so all are banned on all countries of the world but the only drug which is legally permissible for producing, selling and using all over the world. In other words it is a license to kill the humanity for its manufactures and sellers. Alcohol has many drawbacks and it is very harmful and fatal for human beings so it should also be banned like other drugs. Every year alcohol related problems are being recorded by US Department of Justice which includes physical violence, domestic abuse. Alcohol- related crimes in the U. S. account for 54% of murder and attempted murder, 68% of manslaughters, 52% of rape and sexual assaults, 48% of robberies, and 40,000 babies are born with birth defects. (cdc) In 2000 19,358 alcohol induced deaths occurred not including motor vehicle deaths, 26, 552 deaths from chronic liver disease, and cirrhosis, which are the 12th leading cause of death in the U. S. (cdc). In spite of all this alcohol is still legal and much abused, with 103 million people in the U. S. currently drinking and 11 million of those heavy drinkers. Everyone have different response for drinking alcohol so it is not sure for saying that what a specific number of drinks a man can on daily basis. Alcohol has many side effects on psychologically and physically. Psychologically it can have these effects like confusion, unsteady manner due to mental illness, and disorientation. First let’s find out that how does alcohol is being digested by our body and how does it affect us, there are three stages of ingestion that happen once a drink is downed. First, it is quickly absorbed into the blood stream through the cell membranes of the digestive tract. As it passes through the digestive tract, some of is absorbed by the mouth and stomach, and most of it is absorbed by the small intestine. The amount of food in the stomach affects the rate of absorption. If a drinker has a pint of beer without having dinner first, the absorption rate of the beer will be much faster. The drinker will get drunk much faster, and maybe even vomit. Most of the alcohol is absorbed by the bloodstream within an hour of ingestion. The second stage is distribution. Once the circulatory system absorbs the alcohol, it is sent out to all parts of the body. Some parts, like the brain, liver and kidney receive larger amounts of alcohol than other parts of the body because they receive more blood. And the third stage is metabolism. As the alcohol travels throughout the body, enzymes released by the liver metabolize the alcohol. This breaks down the alcohol and turns it into a food source for the body. Most of the alcohol ingested is released through the liver. The effects of alcohol on the liver can be deadly. In large amounts, alcohol can damage major organs, particularly the liver. There are three different alcohol-related liver diseases: fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Fatty liver disease is one of the first signs that alcohol is being abused. Fat builds up due to alcohol metabolism. This hurts the liver’s ability to work at full strength. Fatty liver disease can lead to cirrhosis of the liver. When the liver is too damaged from alcohol abuse, scar tissue forms causing cirrhosis, and eventually causing the liver to shut down. Symptoms include loss of energy, loss of appetite, upset stomach, weight loss and weakness. Cirrhosis is one of the ten leading causes of death by disease in the United States. The third liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, is the inflammation of the liver, the stage right before cirrhosis. Jaundice, mental confusion and swelling of the abdomen are common symptoms (NIH). Alcohol is known as a depressant, and its effects on the brain and central nervous system are serious. When intoxicated, drinkers experience a mild euphoria, or temporary â€Å"happiness†, and loss of inhibition. Alcohol impairs regions of the brain controlling behavior, judgment, memory, concentration and coordination. On the central nervous system, alcohol acts as a sedative. Large amounts of alcohol can cause respiratory failure, coma and death. Impaired vision, hearing, and motor skills also occur. The drinker may also experience numbness and tingling in the arms and legs caused by nerve damage. This will result in the staggering walk often seen coming out of bars. Long-term drinking can cause brain damage and drinking while pregnant is known to produce sick babies. Heavy drinking also has damaging effects on the stomach and intestinal system. Irritation of the stomach lining can cause peptic ulcers, bleeding lesions and cancer. Blood loss causes loss of iron, which can cause irritability, lack of energy, headaches and dizziness. Risk of pancreatitis is also increased. Other effects of alcohol abuse include irritation of the intestinal tract lining and the colon; nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, sweating and loss of appetite; and increase in blood pressure, risk of heart attack and stroke, and these symptoms develop over time. Alcoholism, however, can begin to develop after the first drink. When we think about effects of alcohol, you may think about physical effects alcohol has on our body as I explained above, but beside all these physical effects there are many psychological effects of alcohol on the body as well that you may not have thought of. In many cases, the psychological effects of alcohol are much more damaging and painful to you than the effects that you already know about. Heres a look at some of the psychological effects of alcohol on our body: Depression – As I also mentioned above that alcohol is depressant. This means that once it begins circulating in the system, it will decrease the activity within the nervous system of your brain. For this reason as you drink alcohol, you may notice that you start to have more feelings of depression or become entrenched in a depression as a result of the drinking. Many make the mistake of thinking they can drown their sorrows by drinking more, and make the feelings of sadness and uselessness go away. If this describes you, what you dont realize is you are just making the situation worse and causing your depression to become deeper and last longer. Anxiety If you are like a lot of people, as you consume large amounts of alcohol you will become stressed from the impact of the drug. While you may find the buzz from the alcohol enjoyable for a while, it will give way to a series of stresses on your system that will manifest psychologically. From a general feeling of discontent to restlessness, nightmares and even overwhelming fear, there are a number of feelings of anxiety that can come of your alcohol usage. Personality Changes Have you noticed your family members are treating you differently? It may be because you have changed in how you interact with them. Alcohol can make massive personality that you may not even see. Once you become intoxicated, what were your usual personality traits may change dramatically. You may become selfish, egotistical or even angry about your life and everything in it. Aggression and mood swings are some of the most common traits. These changes are brought on by the alcohols effect on serotonin in your body. Serotonin is a chemical in your body that transmits signals relating to mood to your brain. When its job is weakened by alcohol, moods and emotions can get out of control. Another common personality change brought on by alcohol is a deterioration of morals. As alcohol affects the body, it acts to slow the responses of the synapses in the brain. This slowing down of the brains circuitry decreases thinking and reasoning. For this reason, when you are intoxicated, you may be willing to do and say things you would not usually do or say if you were thinking clearly. Obsession Once you become dependent on alcohol (whether you realize it or not), you will start to become obsessed with drinking. While many think a few drinks are not dangerous, to someone who is alcohol dependent or becoming alcohol dependent, there is no difference between getting those next few drinks, and a drug addict who is looking for their next hit. Your obsession can lead to a loss of other interests in your life and a focus only on how you are going to get another drink, while all along denying there is a problem with your desire for alcohol. Generally, you will not realize you are being pulled in to an obsession until it is too late. Denial Just as you would expect in any other type of addict, those who drink a lot of alcohol go through a number of denial issues. If you have heard from those who you love that you may be drinking too much, you really should listen to them. Often, you will not even notice you are becoming more and more intoxicated on a regular basis, because you are too close to the problem. Alcohol dependency is a progressive illness and you may not be able to see what it is doing to you. Just like any other disease, alcohol dependency is a progressive disease. The longer and more you drink, the more pronounced the effects will be on your system. Additionally, these psychological effects of alcohol are not just felt while you are drinking, or the morning after. They can continue for a number of days or weeks after you have consumed the alcohol. The third effect of alcoholism is can be said as economic, beside the physical and psychological effects of alcohol, excessive drinking of alcohol affects the economy of the a society in different ways . According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention the cost of excessive alcohol consumption in the United States in 2006 reached $223. 5 billion or about $1. 90 per drink. Researchers also found that the cost largely resulted from losses in workplace productivity (72 percent of the total cost), health care expenses for problems caused by excessive drinking (11 percent of the total cost), law enforcement and other criminal justice expenses related to excessive alcohol consumption (9 percent of the total cost), and motor vehicle crash costs from impaired driving (6 percent of the total cost). The study did not consider a number of other costs such as those due to pain and suffering by the excessive drinker or others who were affected by the drinking, and thus may be an underestimate. Researchers estimated that excessive drinking cost $746 per person in the United States in 2006 (CDC). Lastly it can be said that alcohol has many physical, economical and psychological effects which in simple words cause of many problems that have impacts on different aspect of life. But the real problem is that it is a legal killer which is allowed by law of countries. If we think it is also a drug among other drugs which are legally prohibited and discouraged by the law as law has some punishment for using and selling those drugs but alcohol has no legal restriction on its consumptions and business as it is one of the top profiteering business in the world. Works Cited Adams, Gabriel J. What Are The Effects Of Alcohol Addiction? 2013. 4 May 2013 . Ricky Gates. WordPress. com Get a Free Blog Here. The RickyRay Show. WordPress. com, 26 Nov 2009. Web. 12 May 2013. . Buddy, T. The Effects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. 4 May 2013 .. , NIAH. Alcohol and Health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). NIAH, 8 Apr 2008. Web. 15 May 2013. .CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Economic costs of alcohol abuse. CDC, 7 2012. Web. 15 May 2013. .

Problems addressed by supply chain management

Problems addressed by supply chain management Problems addressed by supply chain management Supply chain management must address the following problems: Distribution Network Configuration: number, location and network missions of suppliers, production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, cross-docks and customers. Distribution Strategy: questions of operating control (centralized, decentralized or shared); delivery scheme, e.g.,direct shipment, pool point shipping,cross docking, DSD (direct store delivery), closed loop shipping; mode of transportation, e.g.,motor carrier, including truckload,LTL,parcel;railroad; intermodal transport, including TOFC (trailer on flatcar) and COFC (container on flatcar); ocean freight; airfreight; replenishment strategy (e.g., pull, push or hybrid); and transportation control (e.g., owner-operated,private carrier,common carrier, contract carrier, or3PL). Trade-Offs in Logistical Activities: The above activities must be well coordinated in order to achieve the lowest total logistics cost. Trade-offs may increase the total cost if only one of the activities is optimized. For example, full truckload (FTL) rates are more economical on a cost per pallet basis than less than truckload (LTL) shipments. If, however, a full truckload of a product is ordered to reduce transportation costs, there will be an increase in inventory holding costs which may increase total logistics costs. It is therefore imperative to take a systems approach when planning logistical activities. These trade-offs are key to developing the most efficient and effective Logistics and SCM strategy. Information: Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuable information, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential collaboration, etc. Inventory Management: Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods. Cash-Flow: Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds across entities within the supply chain. Supply chain execution means managing and coordinating the movement of materials, information and funds across the supply chain. The flow is bi-directional. Activities/functions Supply chain management is a cross-function approach including managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end-consumer. As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they reduce their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other entities that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing management control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of supply chain management concepts. The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the velo city of inventory movement. Several models have been proposed for understanding the activities required to manage material movements across organizational and functional boundaries.SCORis a supply chain management model promoted by the Supply Chain Council. Another model is the SCM Model proposed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Supply chain activities can be grouped into strategic, tactical, and operational levels . The CSCMP has adopted The American Productivity Quality Center (APQC) Process Classification FrameworkSMa high-level, industry-neutral enterprise process model that allows organizations to see their business processes from a cross-industry viewpoint. Strategic level Strategic network optimization, including the number, location, and size of warehousing,distribution centers, and facilities. Strategic partnershipswith suppliers, distributors, and customers, creating communication channels for critical information and operational improvements such ascross docking, direct shipping, andthird-party logistics. Product life cycle management, so that new and existing products can be optimally integrated into the supply chain and capacity management activities. Information technologychain operations. Where-to-make andmake-buy decisions. Aligning overall organizational strategy with supply strategy. It is for long term and needs resource commitment. Tactical level Sourcing contracts and other purchasing decisions. Production decisions, including contracting, scheduling, and planning process definition. Inventory decisions, including quantity, location, and quality of inventory. Transportation strategy, including frequency, routes, and contracting. Benchmarkingof all operations against competitors and implementation ofbest practicesthroughout the enterprise. Milestone payments. Focus on customer demand and Habits. Operational level Daily production and distribution planning, including all nodes in the supply chain. Production scheduling for each manufacturing facility in the supply chain (minute by minute). Demand planning and forecasting, coordinating the demand forecast of all customers and sharing the forecast with all suppliers. Sourcing planning, including current inventory and forecast demand, in collaboration with all suppliers. Inbound operations, including transportation from suppliers and receiving inventory. Production operations, including the consumption of materials and flow of finished goods. Outbound operations, including all fulfillment activities, warehousing and transportation to customers. Order promising, accounting for all constraints in the supply chain, including all suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, and other customers. From production level to supply level accounting all transit damage cases arrange to settlement at customer level by maintaining company loss through insurance company. Importance of supply chain management Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy.[7]In Peter Druckers (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies. During the past decades, globalization, outsourcing andinformation technologyhave enabled many organizations, such asDellandHewlett Packard, to successfully operate solid collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only a few key strategic activities (Scott, 1993). This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization. However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither market nor hierarchy categories (Powell, 1990). It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among the players. From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms (Zhang and Dilts, 2004). Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little co ncern for the internal management working of other individual players. Therefore, the choice of an internal management control structure is known to impact local firm performance (Mintzberg, 1979). In the 21st century, changes in the business environment have contributed to the development of supply chain networks. First, as an outcome of globalization and the proliferation of multinational companies, joint ventures, strategic alliances and business partnerships, significant success factors were identified, complementing the earlier Just-In-Time, Lean Manufacturing and Agile Manufacturing practices.[8]Second, technological changes, particularly the dramatic fall in information communication costs, which are a significant component of transaction costs, have led to changes in coordination among the members of the supply chain network (Coase, 1998). Many researchers have recognized these kinds of supply network structures as a new organization form, using terms such as Keiretsu, Extended Enterprise, Virtual Corporation, Global Production Network, and Next Generation Manufacturing System.[9]In general, such a structure can be defined as a group of semi-independent organizations, each with their capabilities, which collaborate in ever-changing constellations to serve one or more markets in order to achieve some business goal specific to that collaboration (Akkermans, 2001). The security management system for supply chains is described in ISO/IEC 28000 and ISO/IEC 28001 and related standards published jointly by ISOandIEC. Historical developments in supply chain management Six major movements can be observed in the evolution of supply chain management studies: Creation, Integration, and Globalization (Movahedi et al., 2009), Specialization Phases One and Two, and SCM 2.0. 1. creation era The termsupply chain managementwas first coined by a U.S. industry consultant in the early 1980s. However, the concept of a supply chain in management was of great importance long before, in the early 20th century, especially with the creation of the assembly line. The characteristics of this era of supply chain management include the need for large-scale changes, re-engineering, downsizing driven by cost reduction programs, and widespread attention to the Japanese practice of management. 2. integration era This era of supply chain management studies was highlighted with the development of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems in the 1960s and developed through the 1990s by the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. This era has continued to develop into the 21st century with the expansion of internet-based collaborative systems. This era of supply chain evolution is characterized by both increasing value-adding and cost reductions through integration. In fact a supply chain can be classified as a Stage 1, 2 or 3 network. In stage 1 type supply chain, various systems such as Make, Storage, Distribution, Material control, etc are not linked and are independent of each other. In a stage 2 supply chain, these are integrated under one plan and is ERP enabled. A stage 3 supply chain is one in which vertical integration with the suppliers in upstream direction and customers in downstream direction is achieved. An example of this kind of supply chain is Tesco. 3. globalization era The third movement of supply chain management development, the globalization era, can be characterized by the attention given to global systems of supplier relationships and the expansion of supply chains over national boundaries and into other continents. Although the use of global sources in the supply chain of organizations can be traced back several decades (e.g., in the oil industry), it was not until the late 1980s that a considerable number of organizations started to integrate global sources into their core business. This era is characterized by the globalization of supply chain management in organizations with the goal of increasing their competitive advantage, value-adding, and reducing costs through global sourcing. 4. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase one: outsourced manufacturing and distribution In the 1990s, industries began to focus on â€Å"core competencies† and adopted a specialization model. Companies abandoned vertical integration, sold off non-core operations, and outsourced those functions to other companies. This changed management requirements by extending the supply chain well beyond company walls and distributing management across specialized supply chain partnerships. This transition also re-focused the fundamental perspectives of each respective organization. OEMs became brand owners that needed deep visibility into their supply base. They had to control the entire supply chain from above instead of from within. Contract manufacturers had to manage bills of material with different part numbering schemes from multiple OEMs and support customer requests for work -in-process visibility and vendor-managed inventory (VMI). The specialization model creates manufacturing and distribution networks composed of multiple, individual supply chains specific to products, suppliers, and customers who work together to design, manufacture, distribute, market, sell, and service a product. The set of partners may change according to a given market, region, or channel, resulting in a proliferation of trading partner environments, each with its own unique characteristics and demands. 5. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase two: supply chain management as a service Specialization within the supply chain began in the 1980s with the inception of transportation brokerages, warehouse management, and non-asset-based carriers and has matured beyond transportation and logistics into aspects of supply planning, collaboration, execution and performance management. At any given moment, market forces could demand changes from suppliers, logistics providers, locations and customers, and from any number of these specialized participants as components of supply chain networks. This variability has significant effects on the supply chain infrastructure, from the foundation layers of establishing and managing the electronic communication between the trading partners to more complex requirements including the configuration of the processes and work flows that are essential to the management of the network itself. Supply chain specialization enables companies to improve their overall competencies in the same way that outsourced manufacturing and distribution has done; it allows them to focus on their core competencies and assemble networks of specific, best-in-class partners to contribute to the overall value chain itself, thereby increasing overall performance and efficiency. The ability to quickly obtain and deploy this domain-specific supply chain expertise without developing and maintaining an entirely unique and complex competency in house is the leading reason why supply chain specialization is gaining popularity. Outsourced technology hosting for supply chain solutions debuted in the late 1990s and has taken root primarily in transportation and collaboration categories. This has progressed from the Application Service Provider (ASP) model from approximately 1998 through 2003 to the On-Demand model from approximately 2003-2006 to the Software as a Service (SaaS) model currently in focus today. 6. supply chain management 2.0 (SCM 2.0) Building on globalization and specialization, the term SCM 2.0 has been coined to describe both the changes within the supply chain itself as well as the evolution of the processes, methods and tools that manage it in this new era. Web 2.0 is defined as a trend in the use of the World Wide Web that is meant to increase creativity, information sharing, and collaboration among users. At its core, the common attribute that Web 2.0 brings is to help navigate the vast amount of information available on the Web in order to find what is being sought. It is the notion of a usable pathway. SCM 2.0 follows this notion into supply chain operations. It is the pathway to SCM results, a combination of the processes, methodologies, tools and delivery options to guide companies to their results quickly as the complexity and speed of the supply chain increase due to the effects of global competition, rapid price fluctuations, surging oil prices, short product life cycles, expanded specialization, near-/far- and off-shoring, and talent scarcity. SCM 2.0 leverages proven solutions designed to rapidly deliver results with the agility to quickly manage future change for continuous flexibility, value and success. This is delivered through competency networks composed of best-of-breed supply chain domain expertise to understand which elements, both operationally and organizationally, are the critical few that deliver the results as well as through intimate understanding of how to manage these elements to achieve desired results. Finally, the solutions are delivered in a variety of options, such as no-touch via business process outsourcing, mid-touch via managed services and software as a service (SaaS), or high touch in the traditional software deployment model. Supply chain business process integration Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. An example scenario: the purchasing department places orders as requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to satisfy this demand. Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged throughprocess integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business. The key supply chain processes stated by Lambert (2004)[10]are: Customer relationship management Customer service management Demand management Order fulfillment Manufacturing flow management Supplier relationship management Product development and commercialization Returns management Much has been written about demand management. Best-in-Class companies have similar characteristics, which include the following: a) Internal and external collaboration b) Lead time reduction initiatives c) Tighter feedback from customer and market demand d) Customer level forecasting One could suggest other key critical supply business processes which combine these processes stated by Lambert such as: Customerservice management Procurement Product development and commercialization Manufacturing flow management/support Physical distribution Outsourcing/partnerships Performance measurement a) Customerservice managementprocess Customer Relationship Management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service is the source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real-time information on scheduling and product availability through interfaces with the companys production and distribution operations. Successful organizations use the following steps to build customer relationships: determine mutually satisfying goals for organization and customers establish and maintain customer rapport produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers b) Procurement process Strategic plans are drawn up with suppliers to support the manufacturing flow management process and the development of new products. In firms where operations extend globally, sourcing should be managed on a global basis. The desired outcome is a win-win relationship where both parties benefit, and a reduction in time required for the design cycle and product development. Also, the purchasing function develops rapid communication systems, such aselectronic data interchange(EDI) and Internet linkage to convey possible requirements more rapidly. Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers involve resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling andquality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers on matters of scheduling, supply continuity, hedging, and research into new sources or programs. c) Product development and commercialization Here, customers and suppliers must be integrated into the product development process in order to reduce time to market. As product life cycles shorten, the appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched with ever shorter time-schedules to remain competitive. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), managers of the product development and commercialization process must: coordinate with customer relationship management to identify customer-articulated needs; select materials and suppliers in conjunction with procurement, and develop production technology in manufacturing flow to manufacture and integrate into the best supply chain flow for the product/market combination. d) Manufacturing flow management process The manufacturing process produces and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. Manufacturing processes must be flexible to respond to market changes and must accommodate mass customization. Orders are processes operating on a just-in-time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. Also, changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times, meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency in meeting customer demand. Activities related to planning, scheduling and supporting manufacturing operations, such as work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and final assemblies postponement of physical distribution operations. e) Physical distribution This concerns movement of a finished product/service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing channel, and the availability of the product/service is a vital part of each channel participants marketing effort. It is also through the physical distribution process that the time and space of customer service become an integral part of marketing, thus it links a marketing channel with its customers (e.g., links manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers). f) Outsourcing/partnerships This is not just outsourcing the procurement of materials and components, but also outsourcing of services that traditionally have been provided in-house. The logic of this trend is that the company will increasingly focus on those activities in the value chain where it has a distinctive advantage, and outsource everything else. This movement has been particularly evident inlogisticswhere the provision of transport, warehousing and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to specialists or logistics partners. Also, managing and controlling this network of partners and suppliers requires a blend of both central and local involvement. Hence, strategic decisions need to be taken centrally, with the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day-to-day liaison with logistics partners being best managed at a local level. g) Performance measurement Experts found a strong relationship from the largest arcs of supplier and customer integration to market share and profitability. Taking advantage of supplier capabilities and emphasizing a long-term supply chain perspective in customer relationships can both be correlated with firm performance. As logistics competency becomes a more critical factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage, logistics measurement becomes increasingly important because the difference between profitable and unprofitable operations becomes more narrow. A.T. Kearney Consultants (1985) noted that firms engaging in comprehensive performance measurement realized improvements in overall productivity. According to experts, internal measures are generally collected and analyzed by the firm including Cost Customer Service Productivity measures Asset measurement, and Quality. External performance measurement is examined through customer perception measures and best practice benchmarking, and includes 1) customer perception measurement, and 2) best practice benchmarking. h)Warehousing management: As a case of reducing company cost expenses, warehousing management is carrying the valuable role against operations. In case of perfect storing office with all convenient facilities in company level, reducing manpower cost, dispatching authority with on time delivery, loading unloading facilities with proper area, area for service station, stock management system etc. Components of supply chain management are as follows: 1. Standardization 2. Postponement 3. Customization Theories of supply chain management Currently there is a gap in the literature available on supply chain management studies: there is no theoretical support for explaining the existence and the boundaries of supply chain management. A few authors such as Halldorsson, et al. (2003), Ketchen and Hult (2006) and Lavassani, et al. (2009) have tried to provide theoretical foundations for different areas related to supply chain by employing organizational theories. These theories include: Resource-Based View (RBV) Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) Knowledge-Based View (KBV) Strategic Choice Theory (SCT) Agency Theory (AT) Institutional theory (InT) Systems Theory (ST) Network Perspective (NP) Materials Logistics Management (MLM) Just-in-Time(JIT) Material Requirements Planning(MRP) Theory of Constraints(TOC) Total Quality Management(TQM) Agile Manufacturing Time Based Competition (TBC) Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) Customer Relationship Management(CRM) and many more , Supply chain centroids Tax efficient supply chain management Tax Efficient Supply Chain Managementis a business model which consider the effect ofTaxin design and implementation of supply chain management. This is different in the context of an international issue as businesses which is cross-nation pay different tax rates in different countries. Due to the differences, global players have the opportunity to calculate and optimize supply chain based on tax efficiencylegally. This is one method of gaining more profit for companies in the international trade, i.e. within the parameter of a global supply chain. Supply chain sustainability Supply chain sustainabilityis a business issue affecting an organizations supply chain or logistics network and is frequently quantified by comparison with SECH ratings. SECH ratings are defined associal, ethical, cultural and healthfootprints. Consumers have become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases and companies SECH ratings and, along with non-governmental organizations ([NGO]s), are setting the agenda for transitions to organically-grown foods, anti-sweatshop labor codes and locally-produced goods that support independent and small businesses. Because supply chains frequently account for over 75% of a companyscarbon footprint[14]many organizations are exploring how they can reduce this and thus improve their SECH rating. For example, in July, 2009 the U.S. basedWal-Martcorporation announced its intentions to create a globalsustainabilityindex that would rate products according to the environmental and social impact made while the products were manufactured and distributed. The sustainability rating index is intended to create environmental accountability in Wal-Marts supply chain, and provide the motivation andinfrastructurefor other retail industry companies to do the same. Components of supply chain management integration The management components of SCM The SCM components are the third element of the four-square circulation framework. The level of integration and management of a business process link is a function of the number and level, ranging from low to high, of components added to the link (Ellram and Cooper, 1990; Houlihan, 1985). Consequently, adding more management components or increasing the level of each component can increase the level of integration of the business process link. The literature on business process re-engineering,buyer-supplier relationships,and SCMsuggests various possible components that must receive managerial attention when managing supply relationships. Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified the following components: Planning and control Work structure Organization structure Product flow facility structure Information flow facility structure Management methods Power and leadership structure Risk and reward structure Culture and attitude However, a more careful examination of the existing literature[19]leads to a more comprehensive understanding of what should be the key critical supply chain components, the branches of the previous identified supply chain business processes, that is, what kind of relationship the components may have that are related to suppliers and customers. Bowersox and Closs states that the emphasis on cooperation represents the synergism leading to the highest level of joint achievement (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A primary level channel participant is a business that is willing to participate in the inventory ownership responsibility or assume other aspects of financial risk, thus including primary level components (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A secondary level participant (specialized) is a business that participates in channel relationships by performing essential services for primary participants, including secondary level components, which support primary participants. Third level channel p articipants and components that support the primary level channel participants and are the fundamental branches of the secondary level components may also be included. Consequently, Lambert and Coopers framework of supply chain components does not lead to any conclusion about what are the primary or secondary (specialized) level supply chain components (see Bowersox and Closs, 1996, p.93). That i