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Two Vulnerable Populations and Two Nursing Theories Essay

From a healthcare perspective we see vulnerability as a person’s susceptibility to disease, whether that disease is from a mental, physical, or sociological standpoint. De Chesnay amp; Anderson (2012) explain the idea of an entire population being vulnerable as â€Å"a public health concept that refers to vulnerability by virtue of status: that is, some groups are at risk at any given point in time relative to other individuals or groups.† The chronically mentally ill and the elderly go under this definition of vulnerable populations and could be helped by two conceptual models of nursing. Because those with mental illness usually have increased risked for being unable to identify, manage, or find ways to maintain health I felt that Roger’s†¦show more content†¦These therapies have the possibility to help chronically mentally ill patients to find ways to achieve and maintain a harmony with their environment that would promote their physical and social health. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory views every individual as practicing â€Å"self-care, a set of learned behaviors, to sustain life, maintain or restore functioning, and bring about a condition of well-being.† (Creasia amp; Friberg 2011) The nurse uses her/his abilities to assist the patient to overcome current self-care deficits and help the patient achieve her/his best level of self-care. As time passes many of the elderly need more assistance with the activities of daily living. Taking care of themselves physically becomes more difficult, sometimes there is decreased mental acuity, as well as a loss in social contact. In every one of these areas the nurse assists the patient to achieve her/his highest level of self-care. This includes diet, eating, elimination, activity, social interaction, education, awareness of obligations, and the promotion of health. Where possible the nurse will help the patient achieve self-care. Since there are no true cures to the aging process the nurse will be needed more and moreShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Community Health979 Words   |  4 Pagesthe perception of nursing can change depending upon perspective. The purpose of this discussion is to compare and contrast community health nursing  practice with hospital-based nursing practice in the provision of essential  core functions and services. The paper will delineate nursing theories  and models of care in relationship to those practices.  Ã‚  Additionally, examples will be  provided from nursing experience.  Ã‚   Nursing care can be analyzed using different models of care, but  two common ones areRead MoreAssessment Tools : Assessment Tool Analysis1209 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasures by applying Watson’s theory of human caring integrates the mind-body-spirit dimensions because Watson’s theory of human caring focuses on establishing a caring relationship with patients, (Chesnay Anderson, page 89, 2012). In this paper, I choose three assessment tools: Becks depression inventory, social support questionnaire and perceived Stress scale. These three tools are the assessments that I have chosen to look deeper at the depressed vulnerable population and I will also demonstrateRead MoreJean Watson1215 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Watson’s Theory to Mind-Body-Spirit Dimensions Jean Watson’s theory of human caring is one that elevates nursing from being merely a clinical experience to becoming an intersection with the patient that affects the patient deeply in all three dimensions—the mind, body, and spirit. In order to achieve this three-pronged impact, the nurse must create caring-healing moments with the patient. As Watson (2006, p. 51) points out, â€Å"The whole caring-healing consciousness is containedRead MoreAssessment Tool Analysis Submission1407 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasures while applying Watson’s Theory of Human caring that integrates the mind-body-spirit dimensions to the three assessment tools chosen. In this paper, I will describe each tool and the population for which it might be useful, assessment tool data such as cost, length and each in using the tool. I will also discuss the population at which it is best designed, and the validity of information gained. In addition, how this tool could enhance the assessment phase of the nursing process and how it impactRead MoreReflection1058 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper One Advanced practice nursing (APN) can be loosely defined as an area of nursing in which nurses are required to practice at an advanced level in a specific area of interest. APN extends the boundaries of nursing’s scope of practice and contributes to nursing knowledge, and the development of the profession (Canadian Nurses Association, 2008). In order to become an APN, the nurse must obtain a master’s or doctoral degree from an accredited university in an area of concentrationRead MoreApplicability of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale702 Words   |  3 Pagesidentifies the population this tool is best designed for and this tools validity. Moreover, the paper describes how DAS enhances the assessment phase in nursing processes and its impact on the quality of health delivered by nurses incorporating Jean Watsons theory of caring. Use of DAS to the Study Group Polygamous families are characterized by stress, quarrels and neglect. Women and children in polygamist families are ignored in situations where their fathers have more than two wives and excessesRead MoreRunning Head: Accessibility Of Healthcare For Undeserved1540 Words   |  7 PagesACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTHCARE FOR UNDESERVED POPULATIONS 1 Accessibility of Healthcare for Undeserved Populations Name: Institution:  Introduction Skewed provision of healthcare services to common populations is not a new issue in the world. in the developed world, social stratification of populations goes beyond social borders; deep into service provision in hospitals. Probably unethical, provision of inequitable services to undeserved populations has craved its way deep into the healthcareRead MoreNursing Home Abuse Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesNursing Home Abuse 3 Nursing Home Abuse As the healthcare system in this country has changed, so have traditional nursing homes. Families have the right to expect that their loved ones will be taken care of by professionals in a caring environment. Unfortunately, may people are being abused and neglected in nursing homes. It is very clear that abuse is a serious problem among nursing home patients, and something needs to be done to put a stop to it. Abuse can happenRead MoreComparison Between Nursing And Nursing Theories1632 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of nursing theories Introduction The nursing profession entails core values and commonalities that link those in the profession. A comprehensive study of the literature identifies key components of the profession as the provision of technical care, defending the vulnerable, taking care of the ill, as well as establishing systems for the delivery of care. Different models have been developed which describes and guides the nursing profession. The two nursing theories: the Theory of Nursing as CaringRead MoreEssay on Barriers to Healthcare for the Homeless Population1432 Words   |  6 PagesBarriers to Healthcare for the Homeless Population Dana Duggan University of Phoenix Sheila De Vaugh, APRN, BC August 3, 2009 Introduction A homeless person is defined as someone â€Å"who lacks a fixed, regular adequate night time residence or a person who resides in a shelter, welfare hotel, transitional program or place not ordinarily used as regular sleeping accommodations, such as streets, movie theaters, cars, abandoned buildings, etc.† (Cone, 2008, p. ). Homelessness is a growing problem

Example of related literature and studies - 1943 Words

CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies The previous chapter is all about the framework of the study. How the study was made possible and up to where the study bounds to are the points of the first chapter. This chapter presents survey of related literature and writing of recognized experts both of which have significant bearing or relation to the problem under investigation. The review focuses on the different materials that are needed on the solution of the study, what are the following points why these materials are necessary for the study. The chapter begins with the introduction of the different materials primarily needed to make the study successful, followed by the history or methodology used by people from ages in making†¦show more content†¦Honey also is a natural antiseptic and soothes and heals your skin. Many women use honey to treat pimples.† (stylecraze.com, 2011) Most of facial masks need milk or cream for emulsifying. But milk does not only act as emulsifier, milk has nutrients that contribute to youthful skin and moisturized face. Milk’s thickness and viscosity is not enough to make a viscous fluid or mask, instead we should make use of cream. Cream is a dairy product that is produced of the high-butterfat layer skimmed from top of milk before homogenization. Double cream is the choice, which contains 48% of minimum milk fat that whips easily and thickest for pudding and desserts. (Wikipedia.com, 2008) According to the National Dairy Council (as of 2010), milk is filled with nine essential nutrients that benefit our health: †¢ Calcium: Builds healthy bones and teeth; maintains bone mass †¢ Protein: Serves as a source of energy; builds/repairs muscle tissue †¢ Potassium: Helps maintain a healthy blood pressure †¢ Phosphorus: Helps strengthen bones and generate energy †¢ Vitamin D: Helps maintain bones †¢ Vitamin B12: Maintains healthy red blood cells and nerve tissue †¢ Vitamin A: Maintains the immune system; helps maintain normal vision and skin †¢ Riboflavin (B2): Converts food into energy †¢ Niacin: Metabolizes sugars and fatty acids According to Dr. Brian Roy, milk does not only help in fitness and bone maintenance, but also in skin health and anti-agingShow MoreRelatedEnglish Is An International Language1475 Words   |  6 Pagespeople are trying to learn English, so the number of students who study English literature or linguistics has been increasing. Learning English literature is a good choice to improve people’s English because literature and linguistics are related to each other. Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. And it’s not just about learning language; it’s about understanding the culture as well because language and culture are related very deeply to each other. With this, you can’t learn languageRead MoreHow to Write a Thesis Proposal1055 Words   |  5 Pagesexplains what you want to study, how you will study this topic, and why this topic needs to be studied. PARTS OF THE THESIS PROPOSAL TITLE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ State the tentative title of your proposal. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The title should give a clear indication of the topic being studied. EXAMPLE: From the thesis of Kimberly Manabat BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ It is in this section that you will orient the reader to the problem you seek to solve. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ What is the aim of your study. EXAMPLE: From the thesis of KimberlyRead MoreSample Research Paper1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe problem statement is the guiding theme of the proposal. This section should include a statement of the purpose of the study and should specify its objectives. Purpose of the Study. This section should explain why the research is being conducted. It should establish the importance of the problem addressed by the research and explain why the research is needed. For example, it might establish the seriousness of juvenile antisocial behavior nationally and describe the gaps that exist in the knowledgeRead MoreLiterature641 Words   |  3 PagesIdentify the research problem: In this first phase you consider a research problem based in your interests and in your field. 2. Perform a literature review: Search for literature related to the problem to gain knowledge about the topic. 3. State the purpose of the study: It is important to be specific and clear when stating your purpose at the study. 4. Develop a research plan: Steps for developing and conducting your research that includes also how and when to collect data. Read MoreEssay On Fighting Obesity Through Taxation1408 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors and behavioural factors), the literature has shown that excessive consumption of sugary drinks and junk food as major risk factors to high prevalence of obesity and health related outcomes (Cornelsen, L., Carreido, A., 2015) High consumption of sugary drinks and junk foods has caused a vast number of health issues including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. To response to the current obesity crisis and the burden of obesity health related illnesses, the implementation ofRead MoreMistake Is Not Enough Research?949 Words   |  4 Pagesthe context in which the conflict or issue under study occurs; and a discussion of how pervasive the issue is. Showing how the problem has or not has been addressed in the existing body of literature will be critical in making the case for the significant of your research. Once the background information has been stablished in the introduction, through supporting literature, a concise problem statement is provided that addresses the issue under study. 1-Social problem = lack negotiation betweenRead MoreNarrative Literature Reviews1589 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative literature reviews Introduction n A literature review is a comprehensive study and interpretation of the work that has been published on a particular topic n A literature review should convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on a topic and their strengths and limitations Why undertake a literature review? n To provide a review of the current knowledge in a particular field n Provide a description of research studies n Identify gaps in current knowledge n Identify emergingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Missed Nursing Care 1222 Words   |  5 Pagesomission in health care. The study does not have research about the reasons why the nursing staff has omitted care (Polit, Beck, 2008). The problem statement is clearly and directly stated. The methods used in collecting information have been mentioned in a separate section where they are stated clearly. Lack of the current literature on the subject and the challenges facing health care sector in providing nursing care is an opportunity for anyone to conduct such study. The method that was used inRead MoreGender Roles : Gender Role Play Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific gender role, for example, a girl pretending to be a mother or a girl partaking in a â€Å"pink-collar† job such as nursing, teaching etc. This form of play can be seen within make-believe play. Though this topic can be tricky to study, due to the fact children in general can be tricky to observe, it is i ncredibly relevant due to the fact play in general has a huge effect on children and their development and enhancement in cognitive and behavioral skills. Previous literature has found that make-believeRead MoreSelf Doubt And Well Being At Work1201 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-doubt and Well-being at Work As an indicator of negative affect, self-doubt has been found to be positively correlated with social anxiety and defensive pessimism, and negatively related to self-esteem (Oleson, Poehlmann, Yost, Lynch Arkin. 2000). With the emerging interests in self-doubt, researchers have also been investigating the effects of self-doubt on ones’ well-being. A prior research by Carroll, Arkin and Shade (2011) indicates that self-doubt negatively predicts career potential

Climate Change And Its Impacts On The Environment - 935 Words

Over the past few decades, the world has rapidly deteriorated in terms of the environment. There are numerous factors that contribute to the deterioration of the earth and one significant factor is due to the issues of climate change. Majority of environmental as well as social scientist that cares about the world defines climate change as the primary source of global risk since it could have severe impacts on the future generations. In addition, the general meaning of the term ‘climate change’ is defined as the change in regional or global climate patterns and it is mainly caused by human activities such as deforestation and emission of harmful gases that pollutes the environment. The future generations are affected in a way that survivability in the world would be tougher and lifestyle would be different compared to the present. In the following essay, climate change will be discussed by relating it to the issue of sustainable development as well as identifying several implications of a continued â€Å"Business as Usual† approach and concluding by providing several objectives and alternatives to improve sustainability of the world. Before continuing towards the discussion of the connection between climate change and sustainability, the term ‘sustainable development’ or ‘sustainability’ will be explained first. The term ‘sustainable development’ is relatively similar with the term ‘sustainability’ and both can be interpreted from variety of aspects. Due to the work of WorldShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Climate Change On The Environment1652 Words   |  7 PagesBiodiversity is one of many areas impacted by climate change. Species and ecosystem modeling has shown that there are potential changes that can occur certain key biodiversity sectors (McMahon et al., 2011). Researchers have created analysis on how changes in climate and levels of CO2 can impact different structures of vegetation and their function, including productivity in growth (Scheiter Higgins, 2008), ecosystem-based adaptation approaches and conservation plans (Cowling Egoh, 2007). ThereRead MoreImpact Of Climate Change On The Environment1338 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Climate change is an issue that is currently threatening the entire world, it is occurring as a result of human activity intensifying the greenhouse effect and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, resulting in negative changes to the global climate (Lohmann, 2002). Tourism is particularly vulnerable to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change as the climate influences the appeal, attractiveness and suitability of a destination (Rutty Scott, 2014). Moore (2010)Read MoreClimate Change And Its Impact On The Environment Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesWith the increasingly growing concern of climate change and its impact on the environment, it is reasonable to ask how the environment will affect Earth s living organisms, from the small to the big (Freitas et al., 2015). Fish are poikilothermic organisms, meaning their body temperature is susceptible to and easily influenced by external environmental changes. The metabolic rate, defined as the total chemical activi ty in an organism, also changes with body temperature (Pfluegl 2014). These factorsRead MoreThe Impact Of Climate Change In Australia And The Environment1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the agriculture business sector. However, there may be additional information included to help support our findings. Presently the agriculture system is already struggling with the increased demand for food and renewable energy. Now with the climate change issues of temperature increases, raised sea levels, the issues of water scarcity, pollution, and soil degradation are also now playing a large factor in today’s struggles. Small differences in weather or more specifically temperature can affectRead MoreThe Impact Of Climate Change On The Health And Welfare Of People And The Environment2203 Words   |  9 PagesClimate change. A phrase that encompasses a vast wealth of information, the totality of which is difficult to fathom let alone concisely elaborate upon in a condensed format such as a course or writing assignment. Through this course, the interconnectedness with which humans influence the balance of climate change is abundantly clear. Ecosystems plants and animals depend on are all connected and influencing one another but these scales are imbalanced, mostly as a result of human activities. TheRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: Impact of Climate Change on the Environment2327 Words   |  10 Pagesplace, country, city, region has its own climate. Climate plays one of the important roles in people’s life. Climate is defined as the average weather, which means variety of weather conditions as rain, snow, hail, sun, and wind over period of time about 30 years that can be measured in any particular place.( IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001; editor:A.P.Baede) Climate change is a variation of average weather. There are 2 causes of climate change. The first is human activity which includesRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Food Production17 18 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of climate change is Queensland (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). Queensland has one of the world’s highest rates of greenhouse gas emissions per capita, which has only continued to increase over the last decade (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). The last decade was the warmest recorded in Queensland’s history, with temperatures being 0.58 degrees Celcius higher than the average for the past four decades (Queensland Climate Change CentreRead MoreThe Impact of International Tourism on Global Environmental Change1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction International tourism can now be recognised as one of the biggest contributing sectors for many countries’ GDP. Moreover, it has transformed them in many aspects such as economic, socio-culture, and environment. International tourism involves activity of inbound and outbound tourist of a country and resident or non-resident visitors within the country (World Tourism Organisation 2014). The World Tourism Organisation has predicted the growth of tourism activities to increase by an averageRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Climate Change957 Words   |  4 Pages If the issue of global climate change is not addressed properly, it will create enormous economic challenges that will create huge price tags on the global economy; that is why we need to give much attention by proposing international policy because it will bolster cooperation between countries and international organizations by formulating policies for the general good of society. Climate change plays a key role in our day to day activities. The changes in climate will affect our movement, healthRead MoreEducation of the Environment1358 Words   |  6 Pagesrun researching climate change and the affects of those changes are becoming increasing evident as time passes. These changes are being observed in every aspect of the environment whether that includes water sources, farmland, or even human lives itself. The issues related with a changing climate are continually becoming more important within the everyday life of Americans, but with that also comes the critics that are under the assumption that it is all a hoax and that the changes experienced are

Care Plan Free Essays

Palliative care would allow the client to receive a combined and holistic approach for medications, equipment, unseeing, and symptom treatment all fascinated through one program. The community health nurse needs to be careful not to impose ones own perception about quality of life upon the client. With the experience of having helped both of my parents through the dying process, I know that it is important to separate my own experience and perceptions from those of my client. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Just as each person takes on life with a different philosophy, so it goes with the dying process. The nurse must not assume that the patient’s priorities are the same as his or hers. Open communication regarding the patient’s wants and needs must be initiated. Though not all patients have had the time or skills to know how to deal with a terminal illness, one of the most important Jobs of the nurse is to connect the patient to the proper resources needed for navigating through the various aspects and stages of their disease process, and to do so without Judgment or bias. B. Many terminally ill patients begin to navigate through the stages of grief as outlined by Elisabeth Kibble-Ross. While caring for this client with a lingering terminal illness such as cancer, my first strategy would be to keep the lines of communication open, managing the patient’s emotional and spiritual needs and outlining the stages of grief as the client progresses through them. By initiating a good line of communication, one can recognize and guide both Mr.. And Mrs.. Thomas through denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance (Kibble-Ross). It will be easier to better manage Mrs.. Thomas’ physical needs if her psychological social needs have been addressed. My second strategy in helping to improve the quality of life for Mrs.. Thomas and her husband would be to manage Mrs.; Thomas’ comfort. Working carefully with a palliative or hospice team to manage the physical discomforts of the tangent’s illness, can greatly increase quality of life. This is often a critical area of educating the patient on pain control. Patients are often afraid to take pain medications, and therapeutic communication is likely to be necessary. Monsoon). My third strategy would be to set up an interdisciplinary palliative care team to to manage the health of Mrs.. Thomas. Terminal illness can be overwhelming for a family, where likely there are other factors – be it financial, familial, psychological, and no one person can manage it all. By working with the family to institute a good team or care, the burden can be lifted off the family and this will ideally allow them to care for their loved one without becoming burdened or overwhelmed. It is important to consult the family regarding any spiritual support that they would feel comforting. Is there a minister or spiritual guide currently in their life? If not, would they be open too visit from someone that is akin to their spiritual values? These are questions that should be carefully addressed. C. Nursing Care Plan for Mrs.. Thomas Assessment: Mrs.. Thomas is a 56 year-old female with a history of breast cancer. Mrs.. Thomas is aired with two grown sons, aged 28 and 30 both of which live out of state. Mrs.. Thomas has a strong familial history of braes cancer and one year ago, was treated for a malignant mass in her right breast. After a right mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation six months ago, the cancer has now returned with subsequent right sided mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation. The cancer has now metastasis’s to the lungs and the prognosis is now deemed to be â€Å"poor† with â€Å"palliative care now being recommended†. (Task 2). Diagnosis Number One: Acute Pain related to incision secondary to surgical intervention as evidenced by tangent’s visible discomfort/crying in bed, pallor, respirations, blood pressure and a report of 8/10 pain. Goal 1. Patient will verbalize a pain rating of 4 or less on a scale of 10 with each assessment. 2. Pain control as evidenced by patient demonstrating ability to use analgesics appropriately, use alternative non-analgesic relief, reported pain to be mild, relaxed body language, vital signs returning to normal Plan 1. Analgesic pain medication as prescribed by physician (Swearing) 2. Use of diversionary and or strategies to assist with pain (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assist patient with positioning for comfort Implement . Evaluated effect of medication, utilize pain scale 2. Assessed effectiveness of diversionary strategies (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assisted with position changes Diagnosis Number Two: Activity Intolerance related to generalized weakness as evidenced by increasing fatigue Goal 1. The nurse will help fascinate a physical therapist to help with mobility 2.. Will ambulate IX around block daily Patient 3.. Patient will fully participate in Tall’s within physical limitations without dizziness or change in vital signs by 8/1/14 1 . Assess patient’s level of mobility, educate within patient’s capability 2. Assess nutritional status. Adequate energy reserves are required for activity. (Swearing) 3. Ambulate patient XX a day 1. Educated patient on benefits of mobility and the proper body mechanics for mobility 2. Encourage nutrition prior to activity and the proper body mechanics for mobility Monsoon) 3. Ambulated patient XX daily Diagnosis Number 3: Ineffective Coping related to financial burden and emotional impact of diagnosis on family as evidenced by patient’s increasing isolation 1. Set up a quality interdisciplinary team incorporating counseling services for the family 2. Patient will demonstrate problem solving techniques Monsoon) 3. Patient ill verbalize acceptance of diagnosis 1. Patient will utilize available support systems and work with counselor for socio psych issues 2. Assist client to identify priorities and attainable goals as he/she starts to plan for necessary lifestyle and role changes 3. Perform actions to facilitate the grieving process (Elsevier) 1. Patient met with counseling services 2. Patient identified priorities and set goals 3. Patient demonstrated knowledge of the 5 stages of grief and how to work through them In order to optimize Mrs.. Thomas functional ability, the care team should strive for all three of the goals in her plan of care to be met. First of all, her pain needs to be managed so that manipulation can be successful, without discomfort. It is quite common for patients to be concerned about becoming addicted to pain medication as in the case of Mrs.. Thomas. Addiction is â€Å"psychological dependence† on a drug and is not the same as tolerance or physical dependence, according to Oncologist, DRP. Gary Johansson who states that â€Å"In fact, addiction is rare when avoids are used for pain relief†. With proper education and regularly scheduled pain medication, Mrs.. Thomas should be much more comfortable and able to manage other areas of her life more successfully. Once Mrs.. Thomas’ pain is under control, she will be able to work through many of the stresses that have mounted since her diagnosis. As Mrs.. Thomas disease progresses, there will come a time when she will no longer be able to care for herself. A new Plan of Care should be created and ready to transition to at that time. At this time the interdisciplinary team should consist of a hospice care which is generally implemented when a patient has less than 6 months to live. When hospice is begun, all care is transferred to the hospice team. New orders for care, medication, equipment will be set up and time is given to the family or supporting both the patient and their loved ones. Care will focus on making the most out of the time they have left, â€Å"without some of the negative side-effects that life prolonging treatments can have†. Monsoon). Most hospice patients can attain a level of comfort that allows them to â€Å"concentrate on the emotional and practical issues of dying†. Willet-Legislations). Mr.. Thomas is carrying a big physical and emotional burden during his wife’s terminal illness. The Thomas family’s case is complicated by Mr.. Thomas’ chronic depression and high stress occupation. As Mrs.. Thomas’ needs escalate and change, so do the needs of the Mr.. Thomas. By facilitating psychological help for Mr.. Thomas, the care team is in turn helping Mrs.. Thomas by easing her worries about her spouse. Patients and families need support, guidance, and encouragement to begin planning for many decisions. Many spouses are weighted with concern about the patients’ comfort and impending death as well as every day problems. â€Å"This is an emotionally intense, exhausting, and singular experience, set in a world apart from everyday life patterns†. (Siegel). Mr.. Thomas needs to be reminded that in order to help care and be emotionally supportive to his wife, he needs to take care of himself. Medication reminders and grief support should be set up for Mr.. Thomas. Therapeutic conversation and guidance can make all the difference for the significant other off terminal patient. In addition, Mr.. Thomas needs respite care so that he can be fully present while caring for his wife. Mr.. Thomas should be encouraged to take a walk, a nap, or a restorative A care plan for Mr.. Thomas could be initiated with a nursing diagnosis of: Risk for Caregiver Role Strain. (SHE). Goal: Spouse will report low or no feelings of burden or distress by 8/01/14, measured by relief stated by spouse. Plan: Encourage the caregiver to talk about feelings, concerns, uncertainties, and fears. How to cite Care Plan, Papers Care Plan Free Essays Nursing Diagnosis| Expected outcomes| Interventions| Rationale| Evaluation| Nursing Diagnosis:Sleep deprivationR/t: Age related sleeping problems and dementia. A. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now B: Verbal report of not sleeping well. Also maybe be caused by dementia. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk of hopelessnessR/t: Client’s loss of family members in the past. A. E. B: Lack of eye contact, passive attitude, and deteriorating physical and mental condition. | Client will take part in relaxation techniques such as massage therapy and aroma therapy at least one time a week. Caffeine intake will be decreased. Client will not have any caffeine after 2 pm. Client will avoid the uses of loud T. V. ’s and radios every night. Client will use a sound generator to generate sounds of the ocean and waterfalls to improve sleep every night. Client will use the bed only for sleeping, avoid afternoon naps, and try to go to bed only when sleeping every day. Client will spend time with a caregiver or family member one-on-one at least one time a week. A family member of the client will be expected to visit at least one time a week and spend time with the client. Client will make at least 2 simple decisions every day. Client will engage in group activities at least one time a week. Assess level of anxiety. If client is anxious, use relaxation techniques. Assess and evaluate the client’s diet and caffeine intake. Keep environment quiet for sleeping. Use soothing sound generators. Follow guide lines for good sleep habits. Spend one-on-one time with the client. Involve family and significant others in Clients life. Encourage decision makin g in the daily schedule. Encourage client to participate in group activities. | The use of relaxation techniques to promote sleep in people with chronic insomnia has been shown to be effective. Caffeine often interferes with sleep. Caffeine after the use of 2 pm is associated with poor sleep. Attention to environmental noise can reduce or eliminate sleep. Ocean sounds promote sleep. Guidelines on sleep hygiene have been shown to effectively improve quality of sleep. Physical presence and active listening inspires hope in the client. Social support is a significant variable related to hope. Hopelessness may be an outgrowth of a previewed loss of control. Group activities provide social support and help the client identify alternative ways to solve problems. ** Source for rationale: Nursing Diagnosis Handbook. Betty J. Ackley and Gail B. Ladwig. **| Client responded well to the relaxation treatments used to improve sleep deprivation. Client is well after decreasing unneeded caffeine in diet and is expected to sleep better. Client’s sleep improved once excessive noise has been diminished. Client responded well to the sound generator. Client is finding it hard to follow the guidelines. Client responds well to one-on-one time and appears happy during the session. Client enjoys having family around more often. Client makes decisions on what to where and what to eat each day. Client enjoys spending time with other residents. | | | | | How to cite Care Plan, Essay examples Care Plan Free Essays Transition Nursing Process Discussion Group 3 Case Study Michael Martinez Is a 24-year-old Marine who was Involved In a motor vehicle accident (MBA) while on leave. His face hit the dashboard, resulting in a fracture of the mandible. Yesterday, he underwent a surgical incommensurable fixation, (wiring of the Jaw) for stabilization of the fracture. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result of this surgery, he is unable to open his mouth and is limited to a liquid diet. The restricted diet will be necessary for 4 to 5 weeks until the fracture heals. One day post pop, his vital signs are 120/76, T-99. 2, P-82, and R- 20. After medication, is pain level is 3/10. With the exception of facial bruising, his appearance is within normal Limits, Steps of the Nursing Process Patient Information Assessment Objective and subjective data will be entered here. The database presented In the case study will be used. Data is collected and verified from the primary (apt. ) and the secondary (family, friends, health professionals, and medical record). Analysis of this data provides the basis for development of the remaining steps in the nursing process. Subjective: Patient expresses disinterest in a liquid only diet Objective: wired Jaw Liquid diet Nursing Diagnosis After analyzing the assessment data, formulate a priority nursing diagnosis. Remember, a nursing diagnosis is a statement describing the patient’s actual or potential response to a health problem that the nurse Is licensed and competent to treat. An actual diagnosis Is written In three parts: diagnostic label (problem) related to_ as evidenced/exhibited by_. A risk diagnosis is written in two parts: Risk for (diagnostic label) _ related to Nutrition: less than body requirements related to Inability to eat solid foods as evidenced by liquid diet post-surgery Planning Goals: Now is the time set patient centered goals. Here you will develop expected selection of interventions based on six important factors outlined in your text. Please write the interventions you select below in implementation. Patient will be free of signs of malnutrition post dinner time each shift Implementation Here is where the nurse will carry out the plan of care. Then continue data collection and modify the plan of care as needed and document care provided. What nursing interventions will you provide to enhance patient outcomes? Assess patient’s weight every shift Calculate bowel sounds Evaluate total daily food intake Provide high calorie, nutrient-rich dietary supplements Evaluation The purpose of evaluation is to support the effectiveness of nursing practice which is patient-centered and patient-driven. This phase measures the patient’s response to nursing interventions and progress towards achieving goals using five elements listed in the text. Did you achieve the goal for this nursing diagnosis? Will you continue the plan of care, revise the plan of care, or discontinue? Reassess patient’s lab value daily for signs of malnutrition. If malnourished call health care provider for further orders Patient will weight within 10% of normal body weight every morning How to cite Care Plan, Papers Care Plan Free Essays A. Our client, Mrs.. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thomas has been given the unfortunate diagnosis of metastasis breast cancer. When considering the current and future needs of this client, significant thought and planning must be directed toward the client’s level of well being. In the case off terminally ill patient, it is important to help facilitate a high quality of life that encompasses both physical and psychological health. I would recommend initiating palliative care for Mrs.. Thomas. Palliative care would allow the client to receive a combined and holistic approach for medications, equipment, unseeing, and symptom treatment all fascinated through one program. The community health nurse needs to be careful not to impose ones own perception about quality of life upon the client. With the experience of having helped both of my parents through the dying process, I know that it is important to separate my own experience and perceptions from those of my client. Just as each person takes on life with a different philosophy, so it goes with the dying process. The nurse must not assume that the patient’s priorities are the same as his or hers. Open communication regarding the patient’s wants and needs must be initiated. Though not all patients have had the time or skills to know how to deal with a terminal illness, one of the most important Jobs of the nurse is to connect the patient to the proper resources needed for navigating through the various aspects and stages of their disease process, and to do so without Judgment or bias. B. Many terminally ill patients begin to navigate through the stages of grief as outlined by Elisabeth Kibble-Ross. While caring for this client with a lingering terminal illness such as cancer, my first strategy would be to keep the lines of communication open, managing the patient’s emotional and spiritual needs and outlining the stages of grief as the client progresses through them. By initiating a good line of communication, one can recognize and guide both Mr.. And Mrs.. Thomas through denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance (Kibble-Ross). It will be easier to better manage Mrs.. Thomas’ physical needs if her psychological social needs have been addressed. My second strategy in helping to improve the quality of life for Mrs.. Thomas and her husband would be to manage Mrs.; Thomas’ comfort. Working carefully with a palliative or hospice team to manage the physical discomforts of the tangent’s illness, can greatly increase quality of life. This is often a critical area of educating the patient on pain control. Patients are often afraid to take pain medications, and therapeutic communication is likely to be necessary. Monsoon). My third strategy would be to set up an interdisciplinary palliative care team to to manage the health of Mrs.. Thomas. Terminal illness can be overwhelming for a family, where likely there are other factors – be it financial, familial, psychological, and no one person can manage it all. By working with the family to institute a good team or care, the burden can be lifted off the family and this will ideally allow them to care for their loved one without becoming burdened or overwhelmed. It is important to consult the family regarding any spiritual support that they would feel comforting. Is there a minister or spiritual guide currently in their life? If not, would they be open too visit from someone that is akin to their spiritual values? These are questions that should be carefully addressed. C. Nursing Care Plan for Mrs.. Thomas Assessment: Mrs.. Thomas is a 56 year-old female with a history of breast cancer. Mrs.. Thomas is aired with two grown sons, aged 28 and 30 both of which live out of state. Mrs.. Thomas has a strong familial history of braes cancer and one year ago, was treated for a malignant mass in her right breast. After a right mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation six months ago, the cancer has now returned with subsequent right sided mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation. The cancer has now metastasis’s to the lungs and the prognosis is now deemed to be â€Å"poor† with â€Å"palliative care now being recommended†. (Task 2). Diagnosis Number One: Acute Pain related to incision secondary to surgical intervention as evidenced by tangent’s visible discomfort/crying in bed, pallor, respirations, blood pressure and a report of 8/10 pain. Goal 1. Patient will verbalize a pain rating of 4 or less on a scale of 10 with each assessment. 2. Pain control as evidenced by patient demonstrating ability to use analgesics appropriately, use alternative non-analgesic relief, reported pain to be mild, relaxed body language, vital signs returning to normal Plan 1. Analgesic pain medication as prescribed by physician (Swearing) 2. Use of diversionary and or strategies to assist with pain (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assist patient with positioning for comfort Implement . Evaluated effect of medication, utilize pain scale 2. Assessed effectiveness of diversionary strategies (SHE Nursing Care Plan Guide) 3. Assisted with position changes Diagnosis Number Two: Activity Intolerance related to generalized weakness as evidenced by increasing fatigue Goal 1. The nurse will help fascinate a physical therapist to help with mobility 2.. Will ambulate IX around block daily Patient 3.. Patient will fully participate in Tall’s within physical limitations without dizziness or change in vital signs by 8/1/14 1 . Assess patient’s level of mobility, educate within patient’s capability 2. Assess nutritional status. Adequate energy reserves are required for activity. (Swearing) 3. Ambulate patient XX a day 1. Educated patient on benefits of mobility and the proper body mechanics for mobility 2. Encourage nutrition prior to activity and the proper body mechanics for mobility Monsoon) 3. Ambulated patient XX daily Diagnosis Number 3: Ineffective Coping related to financial burden and emotional impact of diagnosis on family as evidenced by patient’s increasing isolation 1. Set up a quality interdisciplinary team incorporating counseling services for the family 2. Patient will demonstrate problem solving techniques Monsoon) 3. Patient ill verbalize acceptance of diagnosis 1. Patient will utilize available support systems and work with counselor for socio psych issues 2. Assist client to identify priorities and attainable goals as he/she starts to plan for necessary lifestyle and role changes 3. Perform actions to facilitate the grieving process (Elsevier) 1. Patient met with counseling services 2. Patient identified priorities and set goals 3. Patient demonstrated knowledge of the 5 stages of grief and how to work through them In order to optimize Mrs.. Thomas functional ability, the care team should strive for all three of the goals in her plan of care to be met. First of all, her pain needs to be managed so that manipulation can be successful, without discomfort. It is quite common for patients to be concerned about becoming addicted to pain medication as in the case of Mrs.. Thomas. Addiction is â€Å"psychological dependence† on a drug and is not the same as tolerance or physical dependence, according to Oncologist, Dry. Gary Johansson who states that â€Å"In fact, addiction is rare when avoids are used for pain relief†. With proper education and regularly scheduled pain medication, Mrs.. Thomas should be much more comfortable and able to manage other areas of her life more successfully. Once Mrs.. Thomas’ pain is under control, she will be able to work through many of the stresses that have mounted since her diagnosis. As Mrs.. Thomas disease progresses, there will come a time when she will no longer be able to care for herself. A new Plan of Care should be created and ready to transition to at that time. At this time the interdisciplinary team should consist of a hospice care which is generally implemented when a patient has less than 6 months to live. When hospice is begun, all care is transferred to the hospice team. New orders for care, medication, equipment will be set up and time is given to the family or supporting both the patient and their loved ones. Care will focus on making the most out of the time they have left, â€Å"without some of the negative side-effects that life prolonging treatments can have†. Monsoon). Most hospice patients can attain a level of comfort that allows them to â€Å"concentrate on the emotional and practical issues of dying†. Willet-Legislations). Mr.. Thomas is carrying a big physical and emotional burden during his wife’s terminal illness. The Thomas family’s case is complicated by Mr.. Thomas’ chronic depression and high stress occupation. As Mrs.. Thomas’ needs escalate and change, so do the needs of the Mr.. Thomas. By facilitating psychological help for Mr.. Thomas, the care team is in turn helping Mrs.. Thomas by easing her worries about her spouse. Patients and families need support, guidance, and encouragement to begin planning for many decisions. Many spouses are weighted with concern about the patients’ comfort and impending death as well as every day problems. â€Å"This is an emotionally intense, exhausting, and singular experience, set in a world apart from everyday life patterns†. (Siegel). Mr.. Thomas needs to be reminded that in order to help care and be emotionally supportive to his wife, he needs to take care of himself. Medication reminders and grief support should be set up for Mr.. Thomas. Therapeutic conversation and guidance can make all the difference for the significant other off terminal patient. In addition, Mr.. Thomas needs respite care so that he can be fully present while caring for his wife. Mr.. Thomas should be encouraged to take a walk, a nap, or a restorative A care plan for Mr.. Thomas could be initiated with a nursing diagnosis of: Risk for Caregiver Role Strain. (SHE). Goal: Spouse will report low or no feelings of burden or distress by 8/01/14, measured by relief stated by spouse. Plan: Encourage the caregiver to talk about feelings, concerns, uncertainties, and fears. Acknowledge the frustration associated with caregiver responsibilities. Initiate counseling. 2. Help the caregiver problem solve to meet his needs. 3. Set up medication reminders for psychological medications. Implement: 1. Patient openly discusses concerns, uncertainties and fears (SHE). Patient acknowledges frustrations associated with his caregiver responsibilities. Patient attends counseling. 2. Patient participates in problem solving to meet his needs. 3. Patient follows medication reminders and takes medications for his depression. How to cite Care Plan, Papers

Essay On Colonies Essay Example For Students

Essay On Colonies Essay Essay on ColoniesThe New England and Southern Colonies were both settled largely by theEnglish. By 1700, the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The southern colonies have characteristics that are the antithesis ofthe New England colonies attributes. New England was colonized for Freedomof Worship and freedom of political thought. The Southern colonies weredeveloped for freedom of economic opportunity. The New England colonies hadaspirations for a distinct society, where they could show their homeland,how a country should be run. The southern colonies had goals formercantilism, and increasing the prosperity of England. The New Englandcolonies were based on theocracy, where the state forced the people to liveand worship in an orthodox way. The southern colonies(Virginia) had agovernment based on a royal government, where the state was governed by agovernor and council named by the king, and an elected assembly chosen bythe people. Finally, the New England colonies wanted to establish thecolony for religious motives, while the southern colonies were establishedfor economic motives. England and the rebels of England (Pilgrims), made up the New Englandand southern colonies. God Almighty in his most holy and wise providencehath so disposed of the condition of mankind, in all times some must berich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, other mean andin subjection. Yet we must be knit together in this work as one man.(JohnWinthrop, A Model of Christian Charity) This statement by John Winthrop,demonstrates importance of religion in the lives of the New Englandsettlers. We must delight in each other, make others conditions our own,rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always havingbefore our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community asmembers of the same body. (John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity). The use of the word together and community indicates that the NewEngland settlers were of a communal nature, they were less individualisticthan the southern colonies. The New England colonies were based onreligious freedom, thus their society was reflected the religion. These underwritten names are to be transported to Virginia, embarked inthe Merchants Hope, Hugh Weston, Master, per examination by the ministerof Gravesend touching upon their conformity to the Church discipline ofEngland, and have taken oaths of allegiance and supremacy: (Ships List ofEmigrants Bound for Virginia). The use of the word Master, shows, thatthe southern colonies were more of a individualistic state rather than acommunal state(New England). This individualism was the effect of themotivation of the southern colonies for economic opportunity. We whose names are underwritten, being by Gods providnce engaged togetherto make a plantation. (Articles of Agreement). The New Englandsettlers, again were of a communal nature, in how they are binding togetherfor the good of the community. We intend by Gods grace, as soon as we canwith all convenient speed, to procure some Godly and faithful minster withwhom we purpose to join in church covenant to walk in the ways ofChrist.(Articles of Agreement). The statement above, shows how theminister, was the head of the theocracy, of the small communities. Furthermore, the Articles of Agreement, demonstates the importance ofsharing within the community. This article, was another product of themotivation of the New England settlers for religious freedom. This court in the interim recommends all tradesmen and laborersconsider the religious end of their callings. The puritans believedeveryone had a specific duty in life, something that one was proficient at. .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .postImageUrl , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:hover , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:visited , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:active { border:0!important; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:active , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Existentialism (1221 words) EssayAlmost all the mores and society itself radiated from religion, as aresult, many people who couldnt endure the rigidity of such a society wereexiled and the dissenters created new societies. The worstwith their golden promisesmade all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. There was no talk butdig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold.. (Captain John Smith, Historyof Virginia). The southern colonists were a people who settled in thesouthern colonies for econmic motives. The people were more materialistic,and individualistic, thus greed prevailed. Conversely, the New Englandsettlers were of a spiritual nature, and were dispassionate inmaterialistic matters. The drive of the southern colonists were towardeconomic prosperity. For by our nearest computation we leave at our backs as manyservants(besides Negroes) as there are friedman to defend the shores andall our frontiers the Indians. gives men fearfulapprehensions of the danger they leave their estates and families in, whilethey are drawn from their houses to defend the borders.(Governor Berkeleyand His Council on Their Inability to defend Virginia Against a DutchAttack). The southern colonists were protective of their land, and wereseeking more and more land. The colonists idea was for more economicprosperity coming from more and more land. The southern colonists weremotivated for economic prosperity. Let us observe the sudden rise of their estates with thequality in which they first entered this country. (Bacons Manifesto). This statement shows how the southern colonists had progressed by arrivingto America because of their economic motivation. The advancement is aresult of economic drive toward prosperity. The colonies were settled chiefly by the same race of people. Thedistinct quality that seperated the southern colonists from the New Englandcolonists is that the motivation of the two were distinct, and as a resulttwo colonies diverged in their goals. The southern colonists were aimingfor economic prosperity; the presence of vast quantities of cheap land inAmerica opened opportunities for economic advancement unknown inovercrowded Europe. The religious freedom was a major contribution becausein Europe religious toleration was almost unknown, and dissenters werelooked down upon. History Essays

Fundamentals of Law Criminological Theories

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Lawfor Criminological Theories. Answer: Facts of the Case In this case five explorers had got trapped inside the cave. They had been trapped due to a land slide and there was no way left in which they could escape the cave. They tried their best but were not able to do so. There was tremendous effort form the rescuers to rescue them out of the cave but the effort was not successful. Ten men had already died in order to rescue them from the cave. The explorers had no access to food or water and they had no idea till when they are going to be trapped inside. The rescue party was trying their best to rescue them but their attempts were getting failed. On the 20th day radio contact was been able to be established between them and the rescuers. Through the radio connection the trapped persons were notified that it would take another ten days before they can be rescued. They had a chat with the medical expert through the idea where they consulted about their survival chances without nutrients. They had been notified by the medical expert that it is unlikely that they would be able to survive another ten days without food and water in the cave. One of the trapped cavers Mr. Whetmore asked the medical experts on behalf of the other cavers that would they be able to survive if they consumed the flesh of one of the trapped cavers. The medical expert although reluctantly but confirmed that if they did so than they will have the chance of survival. Mr. Wethmore than inquired the fellow cavers that they should choose the person to be killed and eaten through drawing lots or not. No one from the rescue team was able to answer the question or did rather not want to answer the question and in addition the radio contact was subsequently lost. When the cave was cleared it was found that Mr. Wethmore had been killed and consumed. The other four people claimed that they had done so through the dice provided by the deceased and he had agreed that the dice was thrown in a just way. The four men were charged with murder of Mr. Wethmore. The re is a mandatory penalty of death in case of murder in Newgarth. The Decision and Relevance of Legal Theory The first judge in this case Chief Justice Truepenny held that the four convicts are guilty of murder however the he recommended clemency. The opinion of the judge was to an expository to a great extent and had been used to review the facts related to the case. According to the judge the legal provisions were clear and the defendants had no defenses to rely on thus the provisions have to be imposed and applied by the court. It was added by the first judge in this case that the circumstances which lead to the murder in his view were such that they provide a need for clemency. However it was added by the chief justice that the decision related to mercy is in the hands of the executive and not the judiciary. In addition it was provided by the chief justice that the other judges should add their names to the appeal claiming mercy for the convicts. According to the chief justice such decision would not only keep the integrity of the statues but also allow the justice to be served without disregarding law. The judge in this case relied on both the natural law theory and the legal obedience theory to come to a decision. According to the natural law theory the rational behavior of human beings should be used to derive what is evil and what is good[1]. Historically the theory refers to the use of human reasons in order to make binding rules with respect to moral behavior[2]. Thus by analyzing human behavior the judge deduced that the actions of the convicts should be subjected to mercy. However the judge prioritized the legal obedience theory according to which a statue which is not ambiguous must be imposed without any alternation by the courts and it is not the look out of the court that whether the statue is justified or not. Thus the judge only recommended clemency by through the legal obedience theory affirmed conviction The second judge in this case Justice Foster ruled that the accused were not guilty and set aside the conviction. According to the judge as the defendants were in a State of nature the basic law of Newgarth was not applicable on them. In addition it had been provided by the judge that according to natural law it was not wrong for the convicts to sacrifice the life of one person in order to save the life of four others. The judge suggested that the court must take a purposive approach towards the statue as the law of Newgarth was not applicable. There have been several occasions where the courts have found exception to statues through implications such as in the case of self defense. The judge also ruled that the main intention and objective of criminal law is deterrence and in this case it would not be served by affirming conviction. The judge in this case relied on the natural law theory along with the legal anthropology to come to a decision. Natural law theory had been discussed above according to which the circumstances have to be analyzed in order to come to decision[3]. The judge also considered the anthropology theory or the cross culture theory according to which laws in different cultures are used to come to a decision[4]. There are many cultures where cannibalism is legal due to the scarcity of food and the rule of survival of the fittest prevails[5]. The judge Justice Tatting was the only judge who was not able to come to a decision. The judge had criticized the approach taken by Justice Foster. The judge in this case provided that the freedom of contract must be prioritized over right to life according to the state of nature cannot be taken as a logical argument. The judge was stuck between the feeling of sympathy and disgust of the monstrous act committed. The purposive approach was also criticized by the judge as it has various purposes which include rehabilitation and retribution. The judge also cited the case of Commonwealth v Valjean in which it was not justified to hold starvation as a valid cause for theft. However it was provided by the judge that the considerations of the defendants are counterbalancing that of the prosecution and it is not possible for him to come to a just decision. The judge in this case also relied on the legal obedience theory however he was not able to come to to a decision as it would contradict the theory of justice[6]. He was not able to determine whether the balance of justice was in favor of the defendants or the prosecution. The fourth judge Justice Keen started his decision by criticizing and opposing the executive clemency as provided by the chief justice. He affirmed the conviction of the defendants. The justice also rejected the morality behind the actions of the defendants which was used by the courts to come to the decision. The justice ruled that the only question which the court should consider in this case is the application of the legislation of Newgarth and the determination of the fact that the life of the deceased was taken willfully by the defendants or not. He ruled that the other judges have failed to separate the moral and the legal aspects of the case. He in his personal opinion held that the defendants should not be subjected to death but ruled that the role of the court is only to interpret and apply the law. The judge in this case applied the legal positivism and the legal obedience theory to come to a decision. According to the theories the court must not look into the fact that a legislation is justified or not and not to doubt the ability of the legislature to enact laws the Legal positivism theory further provides that the law made by the legislatures must be imposed strictly[7]. It is not necessary that law and morals will always have a connection and thus analysis of issue should not be based on moral or social principles. Legal issues must only be addressed by referring to rules which are predetermined without any social consideration. The concept of legal positivism is totally opposite to that of natural law and established no connection between law and morals. Thus the justice confirmed the conviction of the defendants. The fifth and final judge in this case was Justice Handy. He had set aside the conviction of the defendants in this case. He had the opinion that the court must give relevance to public demand and view when deciding a point of law. He ruled that the decision must be based on common sense rather than abstract theories of law. He held criticizing his colleagues that the case only requires practical wisdom and not curtains of law in order to come to a rational decision. He held that 90% of the public wants the defendants to be released or be subjected to a minor punishment and in order to maintain public confidence in law such decision has to be taken. The judge was also ready to accept the purposive approach as provided by Justice Foster. The judge in this case used the social theory to address the issue. According to the social theory the objective of law is to protect the citizens against injustice and to maintain the confidence of the public in the legal system. The social theory seeks to address legal issue with common sense and not predetermined law[8]. The theory although it sounds practical and clear can cause immense ambiguity with respect to the legal system. Reaching a Decision The main issue which arises in this case with respect to making the decision is the question related to the relevance of moral right and legal obligations. The theories such as legal positivism and natural law used by the judges to address the issue have their own relevance but are contradictory to each other. The social theory has also been applied in this case which provides an outcome contradictory to the theory of legal positivism. Law had existed in society since ancient times with its main objective of providing justice to the aggrieved. The fundamental purpose of criminal law is to ensure that the criminal activity is not repeated again through punishment of the guilty. There are two significant elements which constitute a criminal activity firstly the intention of causing harm and secondly the physical act causing the harm. In this case both intention and action can be said to be present. However there have been many cases in which a criminal punishment has been exempted base d on the theory of self defense. Law should never be used to satisfy the demands of a particular group of society or the society as a whole. According to the rule of there is nothing which is or which can be above law and thus society demands cannot be put above the provisions of law[9]. Therefore the social theory cannot be applied in this case to a decision. The difficult task arises when one among the theories of legal positivism and natural law has to be chosen to come to a decision in this case. Comparing the two theories none can be identified as a clear winner as the principles of law are not only to punish the wrongdoer but also to promote justice and equity in the society. Therefore in this case referring to the decision of the chief justice which made an attempt to give relevance to both legal positivism and natural law it can be said that the defendants should be affirmed guilty but clemency in the matter must also be observed by the executives. Bibliography Akers, Ronald L.Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation. Routledge, 2013. Armstrong, David Malet.What is a Law of Nature?. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Campbell, Tom D., ed.Legal positivism. Routledge, 2016. Leiter, Brian. "Marx, law, ideology, legal positivism."Virginia Law Review(2015): 1179-1196. MacCormick, Neil, and Ota Weinberger.An institutional theory of law: new approaches to legal positivism. Vol. 3. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. O'Connell, Mary Ellen, and Caleb M. Day. "Sources in Natural Law Theories: Natural Law as Source of Extra-Positive Norms." (2016). Roberts, Simon.Order and dispute: an introduction to legal anthropology. Quid Pro Books, 2013. Stanlis, Peter James.Edmund Burke and the natural law. Transaction Publishers, 2015. Weidong, Chen. "Legality, Democracy and Restriction: Three Key-Words the Judicial Reform Should Focus on."Law Science Magazine10 (2014): 001.