Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Coursework Example The RN also needs to inform the patient that he or she will take some time to adjust to the new lifestyle and that it will not be easy. However, words of encouragement will motivate the patient to live positively. Some of the factors that the RN needs to consider include the patient’s knowledge, attitude and skills. The main steps of the teaching-learning process include assessing learning needs, diagnosing the learning needs, developing a teaching plan and finally executing the plan (Hood, 2013). The RN was likely to have missed the second step. The RN did not identify the patient’s lack of knowledge regarding diabetes and poor attitude towards the disease, which were likely to obstruct the patients self-promotion of health (Hood, 2013). Some of the things that might be done differently include enlisting the patient to a support group of other patients with type 1 diabetes. In the group, the patients can share their day-to-day experiences of living with diabetes, the challenges they face and ways of overcoming these obstacles. Through the self-help group, the patient will be able to meet other people who are living healthy, productive lives with type 1 diabetes. Consequently, the patient will accept that diabetes is not the end of life and that insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring are the major ways of dealing with the

UC application, personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UC application, - Personal Statement Example I believe in a friendly environment and on factors that would ensure my success. The morals that guide a given institution are similar to those taught by a given society. My family teachings and system code of ethics are what guides my decision-making processes My endurance may be traced to my earlier lives where my family encouragement to pursue my career based on personal interest rather than peer influence. The competitive nature of the modern world requires an individual to choose his or her path wisely. The nature in which an individual chooses his educational path will depend on what society has to offer in terms of employment opportunities. Passion drives this choice and my choice was based on the available opportunities and supportive environments created by my family and friends. The level of expectation from this environment drives my success goals. An individual arranges his priorities based on the environment and my aim is to ensure a successful process that would ensure an increase in levels of competitiveness in this complex world. The world becomes complicated when, and individual fails to achieve certain goals. My aim is to remain relevant to my environment and achieve my goals based on their priorities. Moral of an individual is determined by the nature of his or her upbringing. My family background molded me to become a responsible person, who appreciates the surroundings and respects varied opinions. This characteristic has enabled my stay at the school. I believe in a culture as a tool that would enable interactions between people and cultures. Diversity creates a wider opportunity to explore the differences associated with world and immediate society. I utilize diversity as a means of study and as a way of learning the world in a different dimension. This dimension enables my exploration of new opportunities with the goal of creating counter actions plan to overcome challenges that are associated with diversity. My

Article Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Analysis - Research Paper Example Consequent to the reduce demand, February-delivery of heating oil fell by 1.2 percent on the New York Mercantile Exchange. This paper explores how consumption patterns over a period affect the price of heating oil – when supply remains the same; demand remains the same. The paper also reviews how price elasticity of the demand for a given commodity plays a crucial role in deciding about its demand patterns. While Supply Remains Fairly Same, Price of the Commodity May Still Fall Heating oil is a freely traded commodity and its supply and demand patterns largely decide about its prices. Heating oil is a hugely consumed commodity in the U.S and globally. Apart its industrial consumption, heating oil is largely consumed by the Northeast region of the U.S. to provide warmth in the homes during winter months. It is obvious that its demand usually surges during winter months; however, this winter, as reported in the article, heating oil experienced a subdued demand; perhaps, due to m ilder winter or due to economic recession that is going in the US for quite some time or mix of it. Market always draws inference about the likely consumption from the past data and accordingly readies itself for the supply; however, when for some reason demand does not match intended supply, the price starts plummeting to find a new equilibrium. Heating oil is a sensitive item and its prices keep on fluctuating regularly following change in supply and demand dynamics. When demand and supply positions are in equilibrium prices remain fairly stationary but that is not found in case of heating oil as consumption patterns keep on changing due to various reasons regularly. The following schematic represents how new equilibrium from E1 to E2 is quickly achieved in reference to the reduced demand. D1 Price D2 Supply E1 E2 Quantity While Demand Remaining Fairly Unchanged, Price of the Commodity May Still Rise The article speaks about the reduction in the prices of heating oil due to reduce d demand; however, reverse is also true that when supply of the heating oil plummets while its demand remains more or less unchanged, its price may still rise. Though heating oil is a refinery product but its pricing is largely linked with the price of crude oil and its supply, which is controlled by OPEC countries. OPEC being an international cartel of the major crude oil producing countries controls its supply so as to prevent prices to go down beyond certain levels. This is done largely by controlling supply of the crude through reduced production among its member countries. The law of demand and supply in price determination takes its course even then. The reduced supply arrests the fall of price to find a new equilibrium that can restore the minimum desired price by this cartel. Thus, OPEC members have been maneuvering the supply of the crude oil by administering the production quota for its member countries to maintain its prices above certain levels that in turn does not allo w the prices of all downstream products to fall below specific levels. However, in a dynamic world things keep on changing rapidly. Any new large oil finds anywhere in the world outside OPEC may alter supply dynamics of crude oil and change the price behavior of all downstream products including heating oil. The Price-elasticity of Demand of Heating Oil is Low The price elasticity is a measure of the change in demand

Demand & Supply Analysis and Choice of Economic System Essay

Demand & Supply Analysis and Choice of Economic System - Essay Example This essay discusses that a free market economy is a market system where transactions between buyers and sellers are determined only by mutual consent. This excludes that one party gets the deal by duress or deception; it also excludes the intervention of a third party – like government – to force or prevent the market. A free market limits government intervention in the application property rights, contract enforcement and verification of consent. The market economy means an economic system where decisions of production, exchange and allocation of goods and services is mainly determined using information derived from the free interaction of supply and demand established by market forces. There are several limitations of market economic system to be implemented in economy. A free market can occasionally result in formation of monopoly, duopoly, oligopoly or a cartel. Such structures create dominance of suppliers in the particular market to the disadvantage of buyers. Fo r this reason, free market economy can potentially impinge on the rights of a certain segment in the economy. A fair exchange implies a relationship of equality between the persons concerned, which is absent in these scenarios. Sometimes, in a market economy the employer and the employee are not in a relationship of equality. The employer can attempt to dictate terms to the employees, therefore, a safeguarding body is required to ensure payment of minimum wages and to enforce health & safety measures. Provision of Public Goods A free market economy cannot provide provision of pubic goods whose benefits are distributed over a very large population and cannot be directly traced. For instance, roads and national defense cannot be provided by a private enterprise. Therefore, some intervention is needed in the market economic system for these provisions (Grossman, 2005). Provisions for Safety Net A free market economy cannot provide social security to the citizens of the country. A marke t economic system cannot find mechanism to transfer funds from have’s to havenot’s and to help citizens in the lower income groups to rise from the vicious cycle of lower economic strata. State invention is essential for redistribution of wealth and income for functioning of a healthy society. Mixed Economic System A  mixed economy  is an  economic system  in which many private companies and a strong public sector coexist. In other words it is a mixture of ideas of  the market economy and planned economy. The reason some form of a mixed economic system in in place in almost all countries of the world is that mixed economic system fulfills the above mentioned shortcomings of a free market economy. A  government  can promote  free enterprise  while reserving certain areas of the economy through nationalization  , or then it privatize all enterprises while creating a legal framework which limits actions which impinges on the rights of certain segment o f the economy. Most countries today have a mixed economic system to a certain level. Question 2 – Demand & Supply Changes in Metal and Automobile Markets 2.1 - Impact on the Prices of Palladium Metal following Usage of Replacement Metals it is found that the alternative metals will replace palladium in the process of production of an automobile. This implies a leftward shift in the aggregate demand curve for palladium metal because less palladium will be demanded at each price level. This shift is depicted in the graph below by the movement of demand curve from D1 to D2. Since, the supply of palladium is dependent on the rate at which the metal is extracted from the ores, there is not change in the aggregate supply of the metal (Grossman, 2005). The aggregate supply

Article Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Analysis - Research Paper Example Consequent to the reduce demand, February-delivery of heating oil fell by 1.2 percent on the New York Mercantile Exchange. This paper explores how consumption patterns over a period affect the price of heating oil – when supply remains the same; demand remains the same. The paper also reviews how price elasticity of the demand for a given commodity plays a crucial role in deciding about its demand patterns. While Supply Remains Fairly Same, Price of the Commodity May Still Fall Heating oil is a freely traded commodity and its supply and demand patterns largely decide about its prices. Heating oil is a hugely consumed commodity in the U.S and globally. Apart its industrial consumption, heating oil is largely consumed by the Northeast region of the U.S. to provide warmth in the homes during winter months. It is obvious that its demand usually surges during winter months; however, this winter, as reported in the article, heating oil experienced a subdued demand; perhaps, due to m ilder winter or due to economic recession that is going in the US for quite some time or mix of it. Market always draws inference about the likely consumption from the past data and accordingly readies itself for the supply; however, when for some reason demand does not match intended supply, the price starts plummeting to find a new equilibrium. Heating oil is a sensitive item and its prices keep on fluctuating regularly following change in supply and demand dynamics. When demand and supply positions are in equilibrium prices remain fairly stationary but that is not found in case of heating oil as consumption patterns keep on changing due to various reasons regularly. The following schematic represents how new equilibrium from E1 to E2 is quickly achieved in reference to the reduced demand. D1 Price D2 Supply E1 E2 Quantity While Demand Remaining Fairly Unchanged, Price of the Commodity May Still Rise The article speaks about the reduction in the prices of heating oil due to reduce d demand; however, reverse is also true that when supply of the heating oil plummets while its demand remains more or less unchanged, its price may still rise. Though heating oil is a refinery product but its pricing is largely linked with the price of crude oil and its supply, which is controlled by OPEC countries. OPEC being an international cartel of the major crude oil producing countries controls its supply so as to prevent prices to go down beyond certain levels. This is done largely by controlling supply of the crude through reduced production among its member countries. The law of demand and supply in price determination takes its course even then. The reduced supply arrests the fall of price to find a new equilibrium that can restore the minimum desired price by this cartel. Thus, OPEC members have been maneuvering the supply of the crude oil by administering the production quota for its member countries to maintain its prices above certain levels that in turn does not allo w the prices of all downstream products to fall below specific levels. However, in a dynamic world things keep on changing rapidly. Any new large oil finds anywhere in the world outside OPEC may alter supply dynamics of crude oil and change the price behavior of all downstream products including heating oil. The Price-elasticity of Demand of Heating Oil is Low The price elasticity is a measure of the change in demand

Alcohol the legal killer Essay Example for Free

Alcohol the legal killer Essay Alcohol is an ordinary name for a substance which is chemically known as ethyl alcohol, pure spirits or grain alcohol. Ethyl alcohol is a kind of wine which is produced for medical and other purposes. Alcohol drink is every beverage that has ethyl alcohol intoxicating quantities. The amount of pure alcohol must not exceed more than two percent in beers and not more than sixty eight percent in absinthe. Alcohol is legally allowed to produce and sale in the most of the countries of the world particularly in the western countries. Alcohol is not much dangerous for the drunken person if it is taken in low quantities but it will be more dangerous to life it will be used in bulk and on a regular basis. Alcohol is the part of culture in many countries like India and Australia but it is a silent killer and legal killer because of its negative effects. People like to drink for relaxation, socialization, celebration and taste but most of people lose balance in drinking then travel on the path which goes to death. Alcohol is legally allowed in many countries for drinking but there are some conditions on its usage like a person cannot drink more than a specific amount of alcohol and no one can drive a vehicle if he or she has drunk. But these conditions are not discouraging the use of alcohol as it is also a form of drugs like heroin, opium, hash and cocaine. All these drugs are dangerous for life so all are banned on all countries of the world but the only drug which is legally permissible for producing, selling and using all over the world. In other words it is a license to kill the humanity for its manufactures and sellers. Alcohol has many drawbacks and it is very harmful and fatal for human beings so it should also be banned like other drugs. Every year alcohol related problems are being recorded by US Department of Justice which includes physical violence, domestic abuse. Alcohol- related crimes in the U. S. account for 54% of murder and attempted murder, 68% of manslaughters, 52% of rape and sexual assaults, 48% of robberies, and 40,000 babies are born with birth defects. (cdc) In 2000 19,358 alcohol induced deaths occurred not including motor vehicle deaths, 26, 552 deaths from chronic liver disease, and cirrhosis, which are the 12th leading cause of death in the U. S. (cdc). In spite of all this alcohol is still legal and much abused, with 103 million people in the U. S. currently drinking and 11 million of those heavy drinkers. Everyone have different response for drinking alcohol so it is not sure for saying that what a specific number of drinks a man can on daily basis. Alcohol has many side effects on psychologically and physically. Psychologically it can have these effects like confusion, unsteady manner due to mental illness, and disorientation. First let’s find out that how does alcohol is being digested by our body and how does it affect us, there are three stages of ingestion that happen once a drink is downed. First, it is quickly absorbed into the blood stream through the cell membranes of the digestive tract. As it passes through the digestive tract, some of is absorbed by the mouth and stomach, and most of it is absorbed by the small intestine. The amount of food in the stomach affects the rate of absorption. If a drinker has a pint of beer without having dinner first, the absorption rate of the beer will be much faster. The drinker will get drunk much faster, and maybe even vomit. Most of the alcohol is absorbed by the bloodstream within an hour of ingestion. The second stage is distribution. Once the circulatory system absorbs the alcohol, it is sent out to all parts of the body. Some parts, like the brain, liver and kidney receive larger amounts of alcohol than other parts of the body because they receive more blood. And the third stage is metabolism. As the alcohol travels throughout the body, enzymes released by the liver metabolize the alcohol. This breaks down the alcohol and turns it into a food source for the body. Most of the alcohol ingested is released through the liver. The effects of alcohol on the liver can be deadly. In large amounts, alcohol can damage major organs, particularly the liver. There are three different alcohol-related liver diseases: fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Fatty liver disease is one of the first signs that alcohol is being abused. Fat builds up due to alcohol metabolism. This hurts the liver’s ability to work at full strength. Fatty liver disease can lead to cirrhosis of the liver. When the liver is too damaged from alcohol abuse, scar tissue forms causing cirrhosis, and eventually causing the liver to shut down. Symptoms include loss of energy, loss of appetite, upset stomach, weight loss and weakness. Cirrhosis is one of the ten leading causes of death by disease in the United States. The third liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, is the inflammation of the liver, the stage right before cirrhosis. Jaundice, mental confusion and swelling of the abdomen are common symptoms (NIH). Alcohol is known as a depressant, and its effects on the brain and central nervous system are serious. When intoxicated, drinkers experience a mild euphoria, or temporary â€Å"happiness†, and loss of inhibition. Alcohol impairs regions of the brain controlling behavior, judgment, memory, concentration and coordination. On the central nervous system, alcohol acts as a sedative. Large amounts of alcohol can cause respiratory failure, coma and death. Impaired vision, hearing, and motor skills also occur. The drinker may also experience numbness and tingling in the arms and legs caused by nerve damage. This will result in the staggering walk often seen coming out of bars. Long-term drinking can cause brain damage and drinking while pregnant is known to produce sick babies. Heavy drinking also has damaging effects on the stomach and intestinal system. Irritation of the stomach lining can cause peptic ulcers, bleeding lesions and cancer. Blood loss causes loss of iron, which can cause irritability, lack of energy, headaches and dizziness. Risk of pancreatitis is also increased. Other effects of alcohol abuse include irritation of the intestinal tract lining and the colon; nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, sweating and loss of appetite; and increase in blood pressure, risk of heart attack and stroke, and these symptoms develop over time. Alcoholism, however, can begin to develop after the first drink. When we think about effects of alcohol, you may think about physical effects alcohol has on our body as I explained above, but beside all these physical effects there are many psychological effects of alcohol on the body as well that you may not have thought of. In many cases, the psychological effects of alcohol are much more damaging and painful to you than the effects that you already know about. Heres a look at some of the psychological effects of alcohol on our body: Depression – As I also mentioned above that alcohol is depressant. This means that once it begins circulating in the system, it will decrease the activity within the nervous system of your brain. For this reason as you drink alcohol, you may notice that you start to have more feelings of depression or become entrenched in a depression as a result of the drinking. Many make the mistake of thinking they can drown their sorrows by drinking more, and make the feelings of sadness and uselessness go away. If this describes you, what you dont realize is you are just making the situation worse and causing your depression to become deeper and last longer. Anxiety If you are like a lot of people, as you consume large amounts of alcohol you will become stressed from the impact of the drug. While you may find the buzz from the alcohol enjoyable for a while, it will give way to a series of stresses on your system that will manifest psychologically. From a general feeling of discontent to restlessness, nightmares and even overwhelming fear, there are a number of feelings of anxiety that can come of your alcohol usage. Personality Changes Have you noticed your family members are treating you differently? It may be because you have changed in how you interact with them. Alcohol can make massive personality that you may not even see. Once you become intoxicated, what were your usual personality traits may change dramatically. You may become selfish, egotistical or even angry about your life and everything in it. Aggression and mood swings are some of the most common traits. These changes are brought on by the alcohols effect on serotonin in your body. Serotonin is a chemical in your body that transmits signals relating to mood to your brain. When its job is weakened by alcohol, moods and emotions can get out of control. Another common personality change brought on by alcohol is a deterioration of morals. As alcohol affects the body, it acts to slow the responses of the synapses in the brain. This slowing down of the brains circuitry decreases thinking and reasoning. For this reason, when you are intoxicated, you may be willing to do and say things you would not usually do or say if you were thinking clearly. Obsession Once you become dependent on alcohol (whether you realize it or not), you will start to become obsessed with drinking. While many think a few drinks are not dangerous, to someone who is alcohol dependent or becoming alcohol dependent, there is no difference between getting those next few drinks, and a drug addict who is looking for their next hit. Your obsession can lead to a loss of other interests in your life and a focus only on how you are going to get another drink, while all along denying there is a problem with your desire for alcohol. Generally, you will not realize you are being pulled in to an obsession until it is too late. Denial Just as you would expect in any other type of addict, those who drink a lot of alcohol go through a number of denial issues. If you have heard from those who you love that you may be drinking too much, you really should listen to them. Often, you will not even notice you are becoming more and more intoxicated on a regular basis, because you are too close to the problem. Alcohol dependency is a progressive illness and you may not be able to see what it is doing to you. Just like any other disease, alcohol dependency is a progressive disease. The longer and more you drink, the more pronounced the effects will be on your system. Additionally, these psychological effects of alcohol are not just felt while you are drinking, or the morning after. They can continue for a number of days or weeks after you have consumed the alcohol. The third effect of alcoholism is can be said as economic, beside the physical and psychological effects of alcohol, excessive drinking of alcohol affects the economy of the a society in different ways . According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention the cost of excessive alcohol consumption in the United States in 2006 reached $223. 5 billion or about $1. 90 per drink. Researchers also found that the cost largely resulted from losses in workplace productivity (72 percent of the total cost), health care expenses for problems caused by excessive drinking (11 percent of the total cost), law enforcement and other criminal justice expenses related to excessive alcohol consumption (9 percent of the total cost), and motor vehicle crash costs from impaired driving (6 percent of the total cost). The study did not consider a number of other costs such as those due to pain and suffering by the excessive drinker or others who were affected by the drinking, and thus may be an underestimate. Researchers estimated that excessive drinking cost $746 per person in the United States in 2006 (CDC). Lastly it can be said that alcohol has many physical, economical and psychological effects which in simple words cause of many problems that have impacts on different aspect of life. But the real problem is that it is a legal killer which is allowed by law of countries. If we think it is also a drug among other drugs which are legally prohibited and discouraged by the law as law has some punishment for using and selling those drugs but alcohol has no legal restriction on its consumptions and business as it is one of the top profiteering business in the world. Works Cited Adams, Gabriel J. What Are The Effects Of Alcohol Addiction? 2013. 4 May 2013 . Ricky Gates. WordPress. com Get a Free Blog Here. The RickyRay Show. WordPress. com, 26 Nov 2009. Web. 12 May 2013. . Buddy, T. The Effects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. 4 May 2013 .. , NIAH. Alcohol and Health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). NIAH, 8 Apr 2008. Web. 15 May 2013. .CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Economic costs of alcohol abuse. CDC, 7 2012. Web. 15 May 2013. .

Problems addressed by supply chain management

Problems addressed by supply chain management Problems addressed by supply chain management Supply chain management must address the following problems: Distribution Network Configuration: number, location and network missions of suppliers, production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, cross-docks and customers. Distribution Strategy: questions of operating control (centralized, decentralized or shared); delivery scheme, e.g.,direct shipment, pool point shipping,cross docking, DSD (direct store delivery), closed loop shipping; mode of transportation, e.g.,motor carrier, including truckload,LTL,parcel;railroad; intermodal transport, including TOFC (trailer on flatcar) and COFC (container on flatcar); ocean freight; airfreight; replenishment strategy (e.g., pull, push or hybrid); and transportation control (e.g., owner-operated,private carrier,common carrier, contract carrier, or3PL). Trade-Offs in Logistical Activities: The above activities must be well coordinated in order to achieve the lowest total logistics cost. Trade-offs may increase the total cost if only one of the activities is optimized. For example, full truckload (FTL) rates are more economical on a cost per pallet basis than less than truckload (LTL) shipments. If, however, a full truckload of a product is ordered to reduce transportation costs, there will be an increase in inventory holding costs which may increase total logistics costs. It is therefore imperative to take a systems approach when planning logistical activities. These trade-offs are key to developing the most efficient and effective Logistics and SCM strategy. Information: Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuable information, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential collaboration, etc. Inventory Management: Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods. Cash-Flow: Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds across entities within the supply chain. Supply chain execution means managing and coordinating the movement of materials, information and funds across the supply chain. The flow is bi-directional. Activities/functions Supply chain management is a cross-function approach including managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end-consumer. As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they reduce their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other entities that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing management control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of supply chain management concepts. The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the velo city of inventory movement. Several models have been proposed for understanding the activities required to manage material movements across organizational and functional boundaries.SCORis a supply chain management model promoted by the Supply Chain Council. Another model is the SCM Model proposed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Supply chain activities can be grouped into strategic, tactical, and operational levels . The CSCMP has adopted The American Productivity Quality Center (APQC) Process Classification FrameworkSMa high-level, industry-neutral enterprise process model that allows organizations to see their business processes from a cross-industry viewpoint. Strategic level Strategic network optimization, including the number, location, and size of warehousing,distribution centers, and facilities. Strategic partnershipswith suppliers, distributors, and customers, creating communication channels for critical information and operational improvements such ascross docking, direct shipping, andthird-party logistics. Product life cycle management, so that new and existing products can be optimally integrated into the supply chain and capacity management activities. Information technologychain operations. Where-to-make andmake-buy decisions. Aligning overall organizational strategy with supply strategy. It is for long term and needs resource commitment. Tactical level Sourcing contracts and other purchasing decisions. Production decisions, including contracting, scheduling, and planning process definition. Inventory decisions, including quantity, location, and quality of inventory. Transportation strategy, including frequency, routes, and contracting. Benchmarkingof all operations against competitors and implementation ofbest practicesthroughout the enterprise. Milestone payments. Focus on customer demand and Habits. Operational level Daily production and distribution planning, including all nodes in the supply chain. Production scheduling for each manufacturing facility in the supply chain (minute by minute). Demand planning and forecasting, coordinating the demand forecast of all customers and sharing the forecast with all suppliers. Sourcing planning, including current inventory and forecast demand, in collaboration with all suppliers. Inbound operations, including transportation from suppliers and receiving inventory. Production operations, including the consumption of materials and flow of finished goods. Outbound operations, including all fulfillment activities, warehousing and transportation to customers. Order promising, accounting for all constraints in the supply chain, including all suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, and other customers. From production level to supply level accounting all transit damage cases arrange to settlement at customer level by maintaining company loss through insurance company. Importance of supply chain management Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy.[7]In Peter Druckers (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies. During the past decades, globalization, outsourcing andinformation technologyhave enabled many organizations, such asDellandHewlett Packard, to successfully operate solid collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only a few key strategic activities (Scott, 1993). This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization. However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither market nor hierarchy categories (Powell, 1990). It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among the players. From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms (Zhang and Dilts, 2004). Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little co ncern for the internal management working of other individual players. Therefore, the choice of an internal management control structure is known to impact local firm performance (Mintzberg, 1979). In the 21st century, changes in the business environment have contributed to the development of supply chain networks. First, as an outcome of globalization and the proliferation of multinational companies, joint ventures, strategic alliances and business partnerships, significant success factors were identified, complementing the earlier Just-In-Time, Lean Manufacturing and Agile Manufacturing practices.[8]Second, technological changes, particularly the dramatic fall in information communication costs, which are a significant component of transaction costs, have led to changes in coordination among the members of the supply chain network (Coase, 1998). Many researchers have recognized these kinds of supply network structures as a new organization form, using terms such as Keiretsu, Extended Enterprise, Virtual Corporation, Global Production Network, and Next Generation Manufacturing System.[9]In general, such a structure can be defined as a group of semi-independent organizations, each with their capabilities, which collaborate in ever-changing constellations to serve one or more markets in order to achieve some business goal specific to that collaboration (Akkermans, 2001). The security management system for supply chains is described in ISO/IEC 28000 and ISO/IEC 28001 and related standards published jointly by ISOandIEC. Historical developments in supply chain management Six major movements can be observed in the evolution of supply chain management studies: Creation, Integration, and Globalization (Movahedi et al., 2009), Specialization Phases One and Two, and SCM 2.0. 1. creation era The termsupply chain managementwas first coined by a U.S. industry consultant in the early 1980s. However, the concept of a supply chain in management was of great importance long before, in the early 20th century, especially with the creation of the assembly line. The characteristics of this era of supply chain management include the need for large-scale changes, re-engineering, downsizing driven by cost reduction programs, and widespread attention to the Japanese practice of management. 2. integration era This era of supply chain management studies was highlighted with the development of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems in the 1960s and developed through the 1990s by the introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. This era has continued to develop into the 21st century with the expansion of internet-based collaborative systems. This era of supply chain evolution is characterized by both increasing value-adding and cost reductions through integration. In fact a supply chain can be classified as a Stage 1, 2 or 3 network. In stage 1 type supply chain, various systems such as Make, Storage, Distribution, Material control, etc are not linked and are independent of each other. In a stage 2 supply chain, these are integrated under one plan and is ERP enabled. A stage 3 supply chain is one in which vertical integration with the suppliers in upstream direction and customers in downstream direction is achieved. An example of this kind of supply chain is Tesco. 3. globalization era The third movement of supply chain management development, the globalization era, can be characterized by the attention given to global systems of supplier relationships and the expansion of supply chains over national boundaries and into other continents. Although the use of global sources in the supply chain of organizations can be traced back several decades (e.g., in the oil industry), it was not until the late 1980s that a considerable number of organizations started to integrate global sources into their core business. This era is characterized by the globalization of supply chain management in organizations with the goal of increasing their competitive advantage, value-adding, and reducing costs through global sourcing. 4. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase one: outsourced manufacturing and distribution In the 1990s, industries began to focus on â€Å"core competencies† and adopted a specialization model. Companies abandoned vertical integration, sold off non-core operations, and outsourced those functions to other companies. This changed management requirements by extending the supply chain well beyond company walls and distributing management across specialized supply chain partnerships. This transition also re-focused the fundamental perspectives of each respective organization. OEMs became brand owners that needed deep visibility into their supply base. They had to control the entire supply chain from above instead of from within. Contract manufacturers had to manage bills of material with different part numbering schemes from multiple OEMs and support customer requests for work -in-process visibility and vendor-managed inventory (VMI). The specialization model creates manufacturing and distribution networks composed of multiple, individual supply chains specific to products, suppliers, and customers who work together to design, manufacture, distribute, market, sell, and service a product. The set of partners may change according to a given market, region, or channel, resulting in a proliferation of trading partner environments, each with its own unique characteristics and demands. 5. specialization eraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬phase two: supply chain management as a service Specialization within the supply chain began in the 1980s with the inception of transportation brokerages, warehouse management, and non-asset-based carriers and has matured beyond transportation and logistics into aspects of supply planning, collaboration, execution and performance management. At any given moment, market forces could demand changes from suppliers, logistics providers, locations and customers, and from any number of these specialized participants as components of supply chain networks. This variability has significant effects on the supply chain infrastructure, from the foundation layers of establishing and managing the electronic communication between the trading partners to more complex requirements including the configuration of the processes and work flows that are essential to the management of the network itself. Supply chain specialization enables companies to improve their overall competencies in the same way that outsourced manufacturing and distribution has done; it allows them to focus on their core competencies and assemble networks of specific, best-in-class partners to contribute to the overall value chain itself, thereby increasing overall performance and efficiency. The ability to quickly obtain and deploy this domain-specific supply chain expertise without developing and maintaining an entirely unique and complex competency in house is the leading reason why supply chain specialization is gaining popularity. Outsourced technology hosting for supply chain solutions debuted in the late 1990s and has taken root primarily in transportation and collaboration categories. This has progressed from the Application Service Provider (ASP) model from approximately 1998 through 2003 to the On-Demand model from approximately 2003-2006 to the Software as a Service (SaaS) model currently in focus today. 6. supply chain management 2.0 (SCM 2.0) Building on globalization and specialization, the term SCM 2.0 has been coined to describe both the changes within the supply chain itself as well as the evolution of the processes, methods and tools that manage it in this new era. Web 2.0 is defined as a trend in the use of the World Wide Web that is meant to increase creativity, information sharing, and collaboration among users. At its core, the common attribute that Web 2.0 brings is to help navigate the vast amount of information available on the Web in order to find what is being sought. It is the notion of a usable pathway. SCM 2.0 follows this notion into supply chain operations. It is the pathway to SCM results, a combination of the processes, methodologies, tools and delivery options to guide companies to their results quickly as the complexity and speed of the supply chain increase due to the effects of global competition, rapid price fluctuations, surging oil prices, short product life cycles, expanded specialization, near-/far- and off-shoring, and talent scarcity. SCM 2.0 leverages proven solutions designed to rapidly deliver results with the agility to quickly manage future change for continuous flexibility, value and success. This is delivered through competency networks composed of best-of-breed supply chain domain expertise to understand which elements, both operationally and organizationally, are the critical few that deliver the results as well as through intimate understanding of how to manage these elements to achieve desired results. Finally, the solutions are delivered in a variety of options, such as no-touch via business process outsourcing, mid-touch via managed services and software as a service (SaaS), or high touch in the traditional software deployment model. Supply chain business process integration Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. An example scenario: the purchasing department places orders as requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to satisfy this demand. Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged throughprocess integration. Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business. The key supply chain processes stated by Lambert (2004)[10]are: Customer relationship management Customer service management Demand management Order fulfillment Manufacturing flow management Supplier relationship management Product development and commercialization Returns management Much has been written about demand management. Best-in-Class companies have similar characteristics, which include the following: a) Internal and external collaboration b) Lead time reduction initiatives c) Tighter feedback from customer and market demand d) Customer level forecasting One could suggest other key critical supply business processes which combine these processes stated by Lambert such as: Customerservice management Procurement Product development and commercialization Manufacturing flow management/support Physical distribution Outsourcing/partnerships Performance measurement a) Customerservice managementprocess Customer Relationship Management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service is the source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real-time information on scheduling and product availability through interfaces with the companys production and distribution operations. Successful organizations use the following steps to build customer relationships: determine mutually satisfying goals for organization and customers establish and maintain customer rapport produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers b) Procurement process Strategic plans are drawn up with suppliers to support the manufacturing flow management process and the development of new products. In firms where operations extend globally, sourcing should be managed on a global basis. The desired outcome is a win-win relationship where both parties benefit, and a reduction in time required for the design cycle and product development. Also, the purchasing function develops rapid communication systems, such aselectronic data interchange(EDI) and Internet linkage to convey possible requirements more rapidly. Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers involve resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling andquality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers on matters of scheduling, supply continuity, hedging, and research into new sources or programs. c) Product development and commercialization Here, customers and suppliers must be integrated into the product development process in order to reduce time to market. As product life cycles shorten, the appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched with ever shorter time-schedules to remain competitive. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), managers of the product development and commercialization process must: coordinate with customer relationship management to identify customer-articulated needs; select materials and suppliers in conjunction with procurement, and develop production technology in manufacturing flow to manufacture and integrate into the best supply chain flow for the product/market combination. d) Manufacturing flow management process The manufacturing process produces and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. Manufacturing processes must be flexible to respond to market changes and must accommodate mass customization. Orders are processes operating on a just-in-time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. Also, changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times, meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency in meeting customer demand. Activities related to planning, scheduling and supporting manufacturing operations, such as work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and final assemblies postponement of physical distribution operations. e) Physical distribution This concerns movement of a finished product/service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing channel, and the availability of the product/service is a vital part of each channel participants marketing effort. It is also through the physical distribution process that the time and space of customer service become an integral part of marketing, thus it links a marketing channel with its customers (e.g., links manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers). f) Outsourcing/partnerships This is not just outsourcing the procurement of materials and components, but also outsourcing of services that traditionally have been provided in-house. The logic of this trend is that the company will increasingly focus on those activities in the value chain where it has a distinctive advantage, and outsource everything else. This movement has been particularly evident inlogisticswhere the provision of transport, warehousing and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to specialists or logistics partners. Also, managing and controlling this network of partners and suppliers requires a blend of both central and local involvement. Hence, strategic decisions need to be taken centrally, with the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day-to-day liaison with logistics partners being best managed at a local level. g) Performance measurement Experts found a strong relationship from the largest arcs of supplier and customer integration to market share and profitability. Taking advantage of supplier capabilities and emphasizing a long-term supply chain perspective in customer relationships can both be correlated with firm performance. As logistics competency becomes a more critical factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage, logistics measurement becomes increasingly important because the difference between profitable and unprofitable operations becomes more narrow. A.T. Kearney Consultants (1985) noted that firms engaging in comprehensive performance measurement realized improvements in overall productivity. According to experts, internal measures are generally collected and analyzed by the firm including Cost Customer Service Productivity measures Asset measurement, and Quality. External performance measurement is examined through customer perception measures and best practice benchmarking, and includes 1) customer perception measurement, and 2) best practice benchmarking. h)Warehousing management: As a case of reducing company cost expenses, warehousing management is carrying the valuable role against operations. In case of perfect storing office with all convenient facilities in company level, reducing manpower cost, dispatching authority with on time delivery, loading unloading facilities with proper area, area for service station, stock management system etc. Components of supply chain management are as follows: 1. Standardization 2. Postponement 3. Customization Theories of supply chain management Currently there is a gap in the literature available on supply chain management studies: there is no theoretical support for explaining the existence and the boundaries of supply chain management. A few authors such as Halldorsson, et al. (2003), Ketchen and Hult (2006) and Lavassani, et al. (2009) have tried to provide theoretical foundations for different areas related to supply chain by employing organizational theories. These theories include: Resource-Based View (RBV) Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) Knowledge-Based View (KBV) Strategic Choice Theory (SCT) Agency Theory (AT) Institutional theory (InT) Systems Theory (ST) Network Perspective (NP) Materials Logistics Management (MLM) Just-in-Time(JIT) Material Requirements Planning(MRP) Theory of Constraints(TOC) Total Quality Management(TQM) Agile Manufacturing Time Based Competition (TBC) Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) Customer Relationship Management(CRM) and many more , Supply chain centroids Tax efficient supply chain management Tax Efficient Supply Chain Managementis a business model which consider the effect ofTaxin design and implementation of supply chain management. This is different in the context of an international issue as businesses which is cross-nation pay different tax rates in different countries. Due to the differences, global players have the opportunity to calculate and optimize supply chain based on tax efficiencylegally. This is one method of gaining more profit for companies in the international trade, i.e. within the parameter of a global supply chain. Supply chain sustainability Supply chain sustainabilityis a business issue affecting an organizations supply chain or logistics network and is frequently quantified by comparison with SECH ratings. SECH ratings are defined associal, ethical, cultural and healthfootprints. Consumers have become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases and companies SECH ratings and, along with non-governmental organizations ([NGO]s), are setting the agenda for transitions to organically-grown foods, anti-sweatshop labor codes and locally-produced goods that support independent and small businesses. Because supply chains frequently account for over 75% of a companyscarbon footprint[14]many organizations are exploring how they can reduce this and thus improve their SECH rating. For example, in July, 2009 the U.S. basedWal-Martcorporation announced its intentions to create a globalsustainabilityindex that would rate products according to the environmental and social impact made while the products were manufactured and distributed. The sustainability rating index is intended to create environmental accountability in Wal-Marts supply chain, and provide the motivation andinfrastructurefor other retail industry companies to do the same. Components of supply chain management integration The management components of SCM The SCM components are the third element of the four-square circulation framework. The level of integration and management of a business process link is a function of the number and level, ranging from low to high, of components added to the link (Ellram and Cooper, 1990; Houlihan, 1985). Consequently, adding more management components or increasing the level of each component can increase the level of integration of the business process link. The literature on business process re-engineering,buyer-supplier relationships,and SCMsuggests various possible components that must receive managerial attention when managing supply relationships. Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified the following components: Planning and control Work structure Organization structure Product flow facility structure Information flow facility structure Management methods Power and leadership structure Risk and reward structure Culture and attitude However, a more careful examination of the existing literature[19]leads to a more comprehensive understanding of what should be the key critical supply chain components, the branches of the previous identified supply chain business processes, that is, what kind of relationship the components may have that are related to suppliers and customers. Bowersox and Closs states that the emphasis on cooperation represents the synergism leading to the highest level of joint achievement (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A primary level channel participant is a business that is willing to participate in the inventory ownership responsibility or assume other aspects of financial risk, thus including primary level components (Bowersox and Closs, 1996). A secondary level participant (specialized) is a business that participates in channel relationships by performing essential services for primary participants, including secondary level components, which support primary participants. Third level channel p articipants and components that support the primary level channel participants and are the fundamental branches of the secondary level components may also be included. Consequently, Lambert and Coopers framework of supply chain components does not lead to any conclusion about what are the primary or secondary (specialized) level supply chain components (see Bowersox and Closs, 1996, p.93). That i